does capsaicin kill gut bacteria

doi: 10.1128/mBio.00470-17. Healthy Subjects Differentially Respond to Dietary Capsaicin Correlating with Specific Gut Enterotypes. Intestine-selective farnesoid X receptor inhibition improves obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Importantly, impaired gut barrier function in MetS mediates metabolic endotoxemia by increasing the absorption of bacteria and gut-derived endotoxins (e.g. At the phylum level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio diminished in KO mice, by reducing Firmicutes and enhancing Bacteroidetes abundance [100,101]. CAP decreases Lactobacillus abundance in type 2 diabetic mice (db/db), which reduces the bile salt hydrolase activity (BSHa), increases the levels of conjugated bile acids (BA) in the gut, and especially tauro--muricholic acid (TMCA), an antagonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Therefore, spices, including the bioactive ingredient CAP, are the most avoided foods in patients with IBD [163]. Nociceptive nerve endings that express TRPV1 (C- and some A-fibres) initiate action potentials, which are sent into the central nervous system, leading to a subjective sensation of warming, and burning. The friendly gut bacteria are important for digestion. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: Insights from in vivo and ex vivo models. Moreover, homotaurine stimulates GABA receptors in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons [111]; taurine-derived bile salts interfere with gastric mucosal blood flow and secretion, by modulating these sensory neurons [112,113,114]; and CAP infusion in the extracellular fluid increases taurine concentration [115]. Scorpion peppers range from 1,200,000 SHU to 2,000,000 SHU. CAP acts as an antagonist coenzyme and blocks plasmalemmal NADPH oxidase [38], arrests cell cycles in bladder carcinoma cells by inhibiting CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 [39], and initiates apoptosis in tumoral cells by activation of the p53 tumor-suppressor unit [40]. Disruptions of the microbiota-gutbrain axis have been found in various neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, schizophrenia, Alzheimers, and Parkinsons disease [70,71,72]. CAP increases Roseburia and suppresses Bacteroides and Parabacteroides abundances in obese diabetic mice (ob/ob), followed by an increase in fecal butyrate level and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and a reduction in plasma total ghrelin and proinflammatory cytokines. Although the assumption that the microbiome represents a pivotal factor in human health is not novel [59], the intestinal microenvironment has only recently gained attention. As these markers changes induced by gut microbiota regulation have been linked to obesity development [118,119,134,135,136,137,138], the findings of Song study are quite intriguing. Turnbaugh P.J., Ley R.E., Hamady M., Fraser-Liggett C.M., Knight R., Gordon J.I. Santacruz A., Collado M.C., Garca-Valds L., Segura M.T., Martn-Lagos J.A., Anjos T., Mart-Romero M., Lopez R.M., Florido J., Campoy C., et al. Capsaicin, the compound responsible for the heat in spicy foods, has been shown to have antibacterial effects against certain strains of bacteria. CAP attenuates the increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation, and suppresses the intestinal cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1(i)) expression, in HFD mice. Patients with IBD present a high TRPV-1 immunoreactivity in colonic nerve fibers [164], in colonic epithelial mucosal cells, and in infiltrated inflammatory cells. Moreover, the traditional restriction for CAP use in IBDs is not evidence-based. Comparison of the gut microbiota of people in France and Saudi Arabia. A great variety usually characterizes a healthy intestinal flora, and there are several indices used to estimate within- and between-different-sample diversity. Qiu J., Niu X., Wang J., Xing Y., Leng B., Dong J., Li H., Luo M., Zhang Y., Dai X., et al. Both low and high concentrations of dietary CAP (respectively 5 and 10 mg/day) administered for each one for 2 weeks in healthy subjects led to an increase in this ratio of the overall intestinal flora balance [84]. Capsaicin improves glucose homeostasis by enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through the regulation of bile acid metabolism via the remodeling of the gut microbiota in male mice. CAP administration led to a reduced weight gain, an improvement in glucose tolerance, and an up-regulation of Reg3g (antimicrobial protein gene) and Muc 2 (mucin 2 gene) expression in the intestine. 2017;33:921931. 9 /14. 8600 Rockville Pike Dicksved J., Halfvarson J., Rosenquist M., Jrnerot G., Tysk C., Apajalahti J., Engstrand L., Jansson J.K. Molecular analysis of the gut microbiota of identical twins with Crohns disease. They're also stuffed with vitamins A, B, and E. Some studies suggest capsaicin . Okumura T., Tsukui T., Hosokawa M., Miyashita K. Effect of caffeine and capsaicin on the blood glucose levels of obese/diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Ma L., Zhong J., Zhao Z., Luo Z., Ma S., Sun J., He H., Zhu T., Liu D., Zhu Z., et al. Scientists say microbiome is a surprisingly accurate biological clock. Food antigen-induced immune responses in Crohns disease patients and experimental colitis mice. Wexler H.M. Bacteroides: The Good, the Bad, and the Nitty-Gritty. Metagenomics sequencing provides the opportunity to identify the bacterial constellations at the genus and family level. The Effects of Cayenne Pepper on Ulcers | livestrong Other symbols: - up regulation, - down-regulation. CAP is known to accelerate gut motility and to determine an anal burn sensation in healthy people [162]. Remely M., Hippe B., Zanner J., Aumueller E., Brath H., Haslberger A.G. The author suggested that these phytochemicals could impact the normal gut microbiota in a manner quite similar to clinical antibiotics. 2. The bacteria in your gut may reveal your true age - Science There is strong experimental evidence that CAP provides anticarcinogenic effects, by inhibiting tumor initiation, development, progression, and metastasis formation [34]. antioxidant; antitumoral; capsaicin; capsinoids; diabetes; energy metabolism; immune system; inflammatory bowel disease; microbiota; obesity. The amount of CAP in the diet is also important, as high in vitro concentration (more than 100 M) has been proven to increase intestinal permeability through a direct cytotoxic effect, and by increasing tight junctions permeability in intestinal epithelial cells monolayers [176]. Spor A., Koren O., Ley R. Unravelling the effects of the environment and host genotype on the gut microbiome. Thus, CAP may exacerbate abdominal pain in these patients, being an agonist of TRPV1 receptors. On the other hand, there are data showing that chronic exposure to high doses of CAP can enhance the development of liver, stomach, duodenal, and prostate cancer, and can induce peptic ulcers [1,8,9]. SCFAs activate receptors in the gut, adipose tissue, immune system, bone marrow, pancreas, heart, and skeletal muscles, known as the FFA2 and FF3 receptors (free fatty acid receptors), or as orphan G-protein-coupled receptors GPR43 and GPR41 [61,62,63]. CAP binds to a transient receptor potential channel of vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) found on A- and C-delta fibers in the nociceptive sensory pathway, which initiates the signal transduction cascade that finally leads to desensitization of the afferent nerve fibers [1,2]. Metab. Inhibition of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes by select phytochemicals. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Cotillard A., Kennedy S.P., Kong L.C., Prifti E., Pons N., Le Chatelier E., Almeida M., Quinquis B., Levenez F., Galleron N., et al. What Is Capsaicin Cream? Uses, Side Effects, Benefits, and More Kato S., Tanaka A., Kunikata T., Umeda M., Takeuchi K. Protective effect of lafutidine against indomethacin-induced intestinal ulceration in rats: Relation to capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons. Akbar A., Yiangou Y., Facer P., Brydon W.G., Walters J.R.F., Anand P., Ghosh S. Expression of the TRPV1 receptor differs in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease with or without abdominal pain. Yiangou Y., Facer P., Dyer N.H., Chan C.L., Knowles C., Williams N.S., Anand P. Vanilloid receptor 1 immunoreactivity in inflamed human bowel. Capsaicin and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease - PubMed Study on the Effect of Capsaicin on the Intestinal Flora through High There is mounting evidence suggesting that CAP could influence the composition, abundance, and function of the intestinal microbial microenvironment. Both capsaicin and DHC exerted relatively high MICs of 512 mg/L against most Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus species, while slightly lower MIC values of 256 mg/L were recorded against Gram-positive bacteria such as various methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . CAP stimulates the release of CGRP via TRPV1 and decreases blood pressure [45,46]. - Biology Stack Exchange A significant number of studies focused on CAP anti-obesity potency and various types of underlying mechanisms have been suggested. In another experiment conducted in a mice strain of genetic-induced diabetes, the db/db model, dietary CAP was found to exert important antihyperglycemic effects, mediated by microbiota regulation (study presented in the previous sections) [94]. Biagi E., Nylund L., Candela M., Ostan R., Bucci L., Pini E., Nikkla J., Monti D., Satokari R., Franceschi C., et al. Therefore, directly extrapolating published animal findings to humans should be avoided. It is considered a bioindicator of human health, being negatively associated with IBD, immunity, obesity, diabetes, asthma, major depressive disorder, and colorectal cancer [76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83]. The hottest pepper in the world is the bhut jolokia chili pepper, also known as the ghost pepper, and according to Dr. Paul Bosland, the man who discovered it . A change in FXR signaling occurs and also a suppression in enterohepatic FXR-FGF15 axis (FGF15fibroblast growth factor 15), leading to an upregulation of the cholesterol 7-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression and enhancement in hepatic BA synthesis. Govindarajan V.S., Sathyanarayana M.N. As the gut bacterial profile is strongly linked to diet and capsaicin displays modulatory effects on gut microbiota, a new hypothesis has recently emerged about its possible applicability against widespread pathologies, such as metabolic and inflammatory diseases. CAP modulates the energy balance and is involved in obesity prevention and treatment by multiple mechanisms. CAP has an acknowledged role in glucose homeostasis generally via the TRPV1 channel. On the other hand, CAP was also shown to influence gut microbiota regardless of TRPV1 channel activation. Chen D., Yang Z., Wang Y., Zhu G., Wang X. Capsaicin induces cycle arrest by inhibiting cyclin-dependent-kinase in bladder carcinoma cells. The billions of bacteria that call your gut home may help regulate everything from your ability to digest food to how your immune system functions. Capsaicin works to kill bacteria when consumed within food, such as in raw oysters. CAP diminishes the abundance of Gram-negative pathogens able to secrete LPS(i) (intestinal bacterial lipopolysaccharide), such as S24_7 family members, and increases the butyrogenic bacteria abundance (e.g., Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae), and consequently the fecal butyrate, in HFD mice. Chang A., Rosani A., Quick J. StatPearls. The majority of the intestinal bacteria fall into two bacterial phylotypes, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which gather more than 90% of the total community of microorganisms [50]. Diets enriched in CAP could have a beneficial effect in Crohns disease, as they increase the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Faecalibacterium abundance [84], thus changing the immune balance to a more tolerogenic state for food antigens and commensal bacteria. Wilson Tang W.H., Hazen S.L. Spicy food, especially CAP, recently drew considerable attention from the perspective of their positive action on gut flora, by eliminating the disease-causing enteric pathogens, and encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria [21,22,23]. Gut Bacteria Change as You Get Olderand May Accelerate Aging Lactobacillus has been reported to increase in mice fed with HFD and treated with CAP (2 mg/kg CAP every two days, for 12 weeks), compared with mice fed with HFD alone [89]. Changes in FXR intestinal signaling improved glucose homeostasis and alleviated insulin resistance by increasing hepatic glycogen storage and reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis [94]. Furthermore, acetate is important for the survival and growth of the gut major butyrogenic bacterial species, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii or Roseburia intestinalis/Eubacterium rectale [67]. In dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, CAP ingestion (110 mg/kg, for 6 consecutive days) prevented the colonic mucosal damage [173]. On that point, the JCIM also lists capsaicin's role in the slowing of pathogens in the gut as therapeutic potential. TRP channels as cellular sensors. More Than Spice: Capsaicin in Hot Chili Peppers Makes Tumor Cells Commit Suicide. When different pepper-containing diets containing carotenoids and phenolic compounds have been administered in Drosophila melanogaster with three genetic backgrounds, an enhancement of Lactobacillaceae and Acetobacteraceae abundance has been evidenced [95]. Pain. Does capsaicin in food kill bacteria? - Biology Stack Exchange Ghost peppers range from 855,000 to 1,041,427 Scoville heat units (SHU) on the pepper scale. The Effects of Stevia Consumption on Gut Bacteria: Friend or Foe? Gut bacteria were shown to influence neurodevelopment, and behavioral and cognitive functions [69]. Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates Thai chili extracts induced gut Am. 2020;11:28482860. The main factors responsible for the antibiotic resistance in all organisms are the bacterial multidrug efflux pumps. Overall, a considerable body of evidence, mostly coming from animals, suggests that CAP and capsinoids exert multiple benefits on gut microbiota, involving various and complex mechanisms, targeting mainly metabolic and inflammatory diseases. There is evidence that CAP reduces weight gain by activating the TRPV1 cation channel, subsequently enhancing BAT (brown adipose tissue) activity and inducing thermogenesis, increasing lipid oxidation and inhibiting adipogenesis in WAT (white adipose tissue), enhancing satiety and suppressing appetite in the hypothalamus, and last but not least, modulating the gastrointestinal function and gut microbiota [123,124,125,126,127]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Kawaguchi T., Mori M., Saito K., Suga Y., Hashimoto M., Sako M., Yoshimura N., Uo M., Danjo K., Ikenoue Y., et al. The findings regarding gut microbiota composition in the elderly were inconsistent, suggesting that it is correlated with the diet rather than with the age [56,57,58]. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of mucosal colonic biopsies collected from patients with IBD in remission revealed that abdominal pain severity was associated with increased TRPV1 colonic expression [166]. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on gut microbiota composition in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. The plausible CAP antimicrobial mechanism seems to be similar to that exerted by the natural flavonoid Biochanin A, by inhibiting the activity of the multidrug efflux pump NorA [156]. CAP, the major pungent component in red chili and a very popular worldwide phytochemical, displays modulatory effects on gut microbiota. CAP was proven to decrease the amount of Helicobacter, reducing the probability of diseases caused by these bacteria in a dose-dependent manner, at doses above 10 L/mL, with a maximal effect at 50 L/mL [21,161]. found that the CAP-induced reduction in increased Lactobacillus abundance in db/db mice was able to promote an FXR inactivation in ileum [94]. Antimicrobial and Anti-Virulence Activity of Capsaicin Against - PubMed The gut anaerobe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii uses an extracellular electron shuttle to grow at oxic-anoxic interphases. Br. Lv J., Qi L., Yu C., Yang L., Guo Y., Chen Y., Bian Z., Sun D., Du J., Ge P., et al. Mucin secretory action of capsaicin prevents high fat diet-induced gut Activation of TRPV1 reduces vascular lipid accumulation and attenuates atherosclerosis. Cani P.D., Bibiloni R., Knauf C., Waget A., Neyrinck A.M., Delzenne N.M., Burcelin R. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Khan I.A., Mirza Z.M., Kumar A., Verma V., Qazi G.N. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Before Yang B, Sun D, Sun L, Cheng Y, Wang C, Hu L, Fang Z, Deng Q, Zhao J. Nutrients. How does lifestyle affect gut bacteria? Effect of repeated capsaicin ingestion on intestinal chemosensation and Capsaicin. A recent review suggests that CAP induces apoptosis in 40 different cancer cell lineages, including prostate, liver, bladder, skin, leukemic cells, lung, colon, and endothelial cells [9]. Prosberg M., Bendtsen F., Vind I., Petersen A.M., Gluud L.L. Control of Brain Development, Function, and Behavior by the Microbiome. The gut microbiota diversity decreases in the elderly [56], without having a clear pattern of the bacterial species change by aging. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Your Gut Bacteria and Your Health - WebMD The vanilloid receptor TRPV1: Role in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protection. Of course, if you want a spicier dish, leave the seeds and membranes intact. Unfortunately, the conventional treatment of IBDs is burdened by side-effects being based on immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory drugs. Chiles can also help with mouth sores and itchy skin. An inverse correlation between Akkermansia content and body-weight has been registered after 8 days of intragastric CAP perfusion (8 mg/kg/day) in mice, the effect of the dietary phytochemical on bacterial abundance being noted to be sex-sensitive [21]. The bacterial communities can be influenced by many factors such as mode of delivery and nutritional provision in early life, drugs, especially antibiotic therapy, and early-life stress [55]. Intestines are richly innervated by afferent sensory nerves expressing TRPV1 channels, and their activation elicited an important role in the gut function regulation [96,97,98]. Thus, the improvement in glucose homeostasis induced by dietary CAP seems to be associated with a change in microbiota composition and may be ascribed to the rise in fecal butyrate, regulation of gastrointestinal hormones (total GLP-1 and ghrelin), and inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines (Figure 1). Anticarcinogenic pathways also include cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. On the contrary, CAP treatment could improve symptomatology [167]. From jumping horses to jalapeos: the science of spicy peppers. Tamanai-Shacoori Z., Smida I., Bousarghin L., Loreal O., Meuric V., Fong S.B., Bonnaure-Mallet M., Jolivet-Gougeon A. Roseburia spp. Several rodent models of colitis offered promising results regarding the mucosal protective effects of ingested CAP. This information will be detailed in the next sections in the light of microbiota composition modulation. However, the word is not always used in reference to traditional formulations, so you don't usu. Takeuchi K., Ohuchi T., Narita M., Okabe S. Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves in Recovery of Gastric Mucosal Integrity after Damage by Sodium Taurocholate in Rats. government site. Dihydrocapsiate (DHC), a nonpungent capsaicin alternative, readily available as a synthetic derivative used to enrich a wide range of food products, shares similar metabolic benefits. Metchnikoff E. Life of Elie Metchnikoff, 18451916. 1 Capsaicin is used as an insecticide in addition to its use as a repellent. Song et al. Qin N., Yang F., Li A., Prifti E., Chen Y., Shao L., Guo J., Le Chatelier E., Yao J., Wu L., et al. The antidote is still unknown, but there were no reported overdoses of any preparation of capsaicin [1]. Digestive Aid. The effects of capsaicin go well beyond the taste and its role in plants' health help us to understand how its use can improve human health [ ). DHC orally administered in HFD-fed mice in a low dose of 2 mg/kg, or high dose of 10 mg/kg, for 12 weeks altered the gut bacterial abundance, improved gut morphology, normalized the expression of genes regulating glucose metabolism, lowered hepatic glucose levels, and improved serum insulin and glucose tolerance [122]. Kang C., Wang B., Kaliannan K., Wang X., Lang H., Hui S., Huang L., Zhang Y., Zhou M., Chen M., et al. An impaired intestinal flora has been proven to represent a developmental factor in obesity and metabolic syndrome, leading to type 2 diabetes and various cardiovascular impairments [73]. Hwang I., Park Y.J., Kim Y.-R., Kim Y.N., Ka S., Lee H.Y., Seong J.K., Seok Y.-J., Kim J.B. Alteration of gut microbiota by vancomycin and bacitracin improves insulin resistance via glucagon-like peptide 1 in diet-induced obesity. Unfortunately, the mechanisms by which CAP and capsinoids reshape the intestinal microbiota and change specific bacteria abundances are not completely elucidated. In human studies, it has been shown that CAP exhibits anorexigenic sensations, such as satiety, when added to the diet [41,42]. On the other hand, there are data showing that CAP has no influence on obesity. Everard A., Belzer C., Geurts L., Ouwerkerk J.P., Druart C., Bindels L.B., Guiot Y., Derrien M., Muccioli G.G., Delzenne N.M., et al. Analysis of the Ability of Capsaicin to Modulate the Human Gut Microbiota In Vitro. concluded that CAP administration in db/db diabetic mice resulted in a suppression of enterohepatic FXR-FGF15 axis by preventing the increase in abundance of Lactobacillus genus, which further induced an enhanced BA levels, improved glucose metabolism, and increased insulin sensitivity [94]. Aoun A., Darwish F., Hamod N. The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Obesity in Adults and the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics for Weight Loss. In the core microbiome, there are genes involved in the fermentation of dietary or intestinal complex sugars, their conversion into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and the synthesis of vitamins such as vitamin K or biotin.
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