brilliant blue fcf uses

This work represents a previously unexplored area of investigation into a therapeutic target for the prevention of intimal hyperplasia. Acknowledgments. 40, is a red azo dye that is the most commonly used red dye in the United States. G. Pannexin1 is part of the pore forming unit of the P2X. Cells were pretreated without (control) or with different concentrations of FCF before PDGF stimulation. Prevention of stenosis after vascular reconstruction: pharmacologic control of intimal hyperplasia: a review. LH, Mackenzie [16] In 2003, the U.S. FDA issued a public health advisory to warn health care providers of the potential toxicity of this synthetic dye in enteral feeding solutions. A limitation of this investigation is that it relied primarily on studies of vascular function. It is usually a disodium salt. [Na+], Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, Nestle Aero packet ingredients listing barcode: 7613031579334, "FD&C Blue No. JH, Brusasco Ferrari D, Los M, Bauer MK, Vandenabeele P, Wesselborg S, Schulze-Osthoff K. P2Z purinoreceptor ligation induces activation of caspases with distinct roles in apoptotic and necrotic alterations of cell death. METHODS Porcine saphenous vein (PSV) was used to evaluate the effect of FCF on physiologic responses in a muscle bath. Endothelial and smooth muscle functional responses were determined in a muscle bath, and intimal thickening in HSVs was determined after 14 days in organ culture. It is denoted by E number E133 and has a color index of 42090. Dr Osgood was supported by National Research Service Award F32HL104965 from the National Institutes of Health. National Library of Medicine The 1 mM effective concentration is 1.59 times greater than the approximately 0.63 mM maximal allowable brilliant blue FCF concentration according to the European Food Safety Authority. These receptors may be implicated in endothelial and smooth muscle injury and the development of intimal hyperplasia in saphenous vein grafts via downstream signaling of the P2X7 receptor. Intimal thickness associated with endothelial dysfunction in human vein grafts. After 14 days, the rings were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained using Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain for morphometric analysis as described above. Nature and pressure dependence of damage induced by distension of human saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts. Brilliant Blue FCF - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Brilliant Blue FCF analytical standard 3844-45-9 - MilliporeSigma It is conceivable that vein injury during intraoperative manipulation leads to local release of extracellular ATP,24 thereby activating P2X7 receptors and contributing to tissue dysfunction. However, subsequent work demonstrated that 1 hour was equally efficacious. Brilliant blue FCF ( Blue 1) is a synthetic organic compound used primarily as a blue colorant for processed foods, medications, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. MS. Technical factors in lower-extremity vein bypass surgery: how can we improve outcomes? Synonyms: Erioglaucine disodium salt, Acid Blue 9, Alphazurine FG, FD&C;BLUE No. Treatment with FCF reduced intimal thickness in organ culture (mean [SEM], 17.5% [2.1%] for unmanipulated HSVs vs 27.9% [3.7%] for HSVs after manipulation; P<.001). Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury. Adsorption treatment and recovery of the hazardous dye, Brilliant Blue ACS Omega. P<.05 was considered statistically significant. L, 1 or acid blue 9. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 12.0 mg/(kg body weight) was set for Brilliant Blue FCF in humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Additional rings were left untreated or were treated with FCF (50 M) in organ culture medium (Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium supplemented with 30% fetal bovine serum, 1% l-glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin) for 2 hours. Treatment with FCF significantly mitigated the increase in intimal thickness in UM-HSVs and in AM-HSVs (mean, 17.5% [2.1%] for UM-HSVs and 27.9% [3.7%] for AM-HSVs; P<.001 [n=12-19]). Two rings from each sample were placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin (Fisher Scientific) to measure basal (preculture) intimal thickness. Contractility (A) and endothelial function (B) of unmanipulated human saphenous veins were measured in a muscle bath. No other disclosures were reported. Additionally, we demonstrated that FCF is an antagonist of the purinergic P2X7 receptor.9, Extracellular purines (adenosine, adenosine 5-diphos-phate, and adenosine 5-triphosphate [ATP]) are important signaling molecules exerting numerous biologic effects by activation of cell-surface receptors known as purinergic P2X receptors. Use of Brilliant Blue FCF during vein graft preparation inhibits Further studies are needed to determine whether FCF prevents intimal hyperplasia and vein graft failure in grafts implanted in vivo. No significant difference in the response to potassium chloride was observed among the 3 conditions in a 1-way ANOVA (F2,25=1.081, P=.35 [n=6]). In this investigation, we showed that FCF not only serves as an alternative to the current off-label use of surgical skin markers but also enhances physiologic function. Vein graft marking with ink remains a nearly universal practice used with the intention of maintaining graft orientation by preventing kinking, thereby preventing technical obstruction of flow after implantation into the arterial circulation.30 The off-label use of surgical skin markers gained popularity, probably in part due to their availability as ready-to-use sterile pens and safety for use on skin. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help [13], Due to its nontoxic properties, brilliant blue FCF has been used as a biological stain. Grafts were harvested after 28 days and stained to visualize the elastic lamina. Data were reported as mean (SEM) responses. Surgical vein graft preparation promotes cellular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein. C, Loirand To determine the mechanism of action of FCF, the effects of FCF pretreatment on migration in a smooth muscle cell line, A7r5, were examined. Recent reports analyzing the PREVENT IV trial data demonstrated that lower vein graft failure rates were associated with HSV stored in buffered solution compared with nonbuffered, acidic, normal saline, highlighting the importance of intraoperative surgical preparation techniques.29 It follows that there is a therapeutic window of opportunity at the time of explantation to prevent the early activation of pathways that instigate the development of intimal hyperplasia. G. A permeant regulating its permeation pore: inhibition of pannexin 1 channels by ATP. Slower progression of atherosclerosis in vein grafts harvested with no touch technique compared with conventional harvesting technique in coronary artery bypass grafting: an angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. Ligands to the P2X7 receptor also inhibit Panx19; FCF has also been shown to selectively inhibit Panx1.27 Given that elevated extracellular ATP is a hallmark of tissue damage,22,28,29 it is plausible that FCF modulates ATP release and ameliorates graft injury through inhibition of P2X7 receptorinduced Panx1 activation. Osgood Brilliant Blue FCF Also, brilliant blue FCF (BB) (commonly known as E133.42) is an artificial dye in the food and pharmaceutical industry (Damera et al., 2020). The range bars show the standard error of the mean. A novel cell permeant peptide inhibitor of MAPKAP kinase II inhibits intimal hyperplasia in a human saphenous vein organ culture model. Relative absorbance at 595 nm compared with untreated cells was reported. Surgical harvest and preparation induce vein graft injury that leads to release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Treatment with FCF at the time of vein graft explantation inhibited the subsequent development of intimal thickening in the rabbit model. (Select up to . The food dye FD&C Blue No. 1 is a selective inhibitor of the ATP Hess CN, Lopes RD, Gibson CM, Hager R, Wojdyla DM, Englum BR, et al. Conte MS. Technical factors in lower-extremity vein bypass surgery: how can we improve outcomes? It is an approved food colorant in USA and EU. This method of vein culture has been validated as an ex vivo model system of the changes occurring in vivo and has been used previously in our laboratory.4,15,16 After 14 days, rings were fixed in 10% formalin and sent for histological preparation and Verhoeffvan Gieson staining at the Pathology Histochemistry Core at Vanderbilt University. Allura Red AC - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Brilliant blue FCF is an approved food colorant and pharmacologically inactive substance for drug formulations in the EU and the United States. Pelegrin Johansson 2023 American Medical Association. G, Takano Qiu It has long been recognized that technical elements have a significant role in determining vein graft patency.3 Surgical harvest of the vein results in mechanical injury, endothelial damage, and vasospasm.2 After harvest, vein grafts are prepared on the back table via a series of manipulations before implantation. Brilliant Blue FCF (E 133) is a triarylmethane dye authorised as a food additive in the EU and has been previously evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1970 and the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1975. JV. Brilliant Blue FCF (FCF) treatment during graft explantation reduced intimal hyperplasia in the rabbit carotid interposition graft model. It has the appearance of a blue powder and is soluble in water and glycerol,[2] with a maximum absorption at about 628 nanometers. Although the mechanisms of action of FCF in vascular tissue are not completely known, it is conceivable FCF modulates the P2X7 receptor signaling pathway, which may play a previously undescribed role in the early responses to preparation-induced injury of vein graft. Toxin and Toxin Target Database (T3DB) 1 Structures 1.1 2D Structure Structure Search Get Image Download Coordinates In addition, while the organ culture model contains serum, it lacks in vivo elements (pressure, flow, and exposure to blood components) that are associated with arterialization. RA. NL, Haudenschild [1] It is classified as a triarylmethane dye and is known under various names, such as FD&C Blue No. Compared with other P2X receptor subtypes, significantly higher ATP concentrations are required for P2X7 receptor activation.35,36 Although such high ATP concentrations are typically not produced under physiologic conditions, moderate levels of extracellular ATP may play a role in mechanotransduction in a variety of tissues.36 Moreover, significant release of ATP occurs from stressed, ischemic, hypoxic, or traumatized tissues.35,36 The P2X7 receptor is expressed on HSV smooth muscle.12 Vascular endothelium has been shown to be an important source for ATP production, which may act on vascular smooth muscle cells in a paracrine fashion,37 particularly in response to inflammation, hypoxia, and alterations in shear.38,39 Therefore, extracellular ATP is produced by multiple sources in blood vessels during physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Next, functionally viable rat IVC rings were left untreated or treated with 50M FCF, 50M periodate-oxidized adenosine triphosphate (oATP) (an irreversible P2X7 antagonist), or probenecid (a Panx1 inhibitor, 0.5mM and 2mM; Life Technologies) for 30 minutes before contraction with 100M 2(3)-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-adenosine-5-triphosphate (BzATP) (a prototypical P2X7 receptor agonist). 2013;67(10):2302-6. doi: 10.2166/wst.2013.082. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and caspase signaling pathways are required for P2X7 receptor (P2X7R)-induced pore formation in human THP-1 cells. The food dye FD&C Blue No. M, Palmetshofer Related dyes are C.I. An innovative brilliant blue FCF method for fluorescent staining of Author Contributions: Conception and design: MO, KS, KH, CB, JC, Critical revision of the article: KH, MO, KS, IV, JS, PK, CB, JC, Final approval of the article: KH, MO, KS, IV, JS, PK, CB, JC, National Library of Medicine HSV were obtained after approval from the Institutional Review Boards of Vanderbilt University Medical Center and the Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Medical Center from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass procedures. Use the product attributes below to configure the comparison table. F, Dahl HSV organ culture was used because it is demonstrated to be a representative model in reproduction of cellular events occurring in the intimal hyperplastic lesion.26 Rings (1-2 mm in width) were cut from HSV segments. Before its ban, particularly in developed countries, it was used to act as a common food additive in beverages, dairy products, powders, jellies, confections . B, Shown is representative tracing of force generation by HSVs in the muscle bath. It has the capacity for inducing allergic reactions in individuals with pre-existing moderate asthma. Brilliant Blue FCF. government site. Surgical vein graft preparation promotes cellular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein. WC, Cantelmo Agonist-mediated release of ATP from cardiac endothelial cells. Brilliant blue FCF - Wikiwand aDepartment of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn, bDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn, cVeterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System., Nashville, Tenn. Intimal hyperplasia remains the primary cause of vein graft failure for the 1 million yearly bypass procedures performed using human saphenous vein (HSV) grafts. The effects of brilliant blue FCF were tested on rat aortic cells. Brilliant blue G selectively blocks ATP-gated rat P2X. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Voskresensky, Wise, Li, Komalavilas, Brophy, Cheung-Flynn. Transcriptional control mechanisms associated with the nucleotide receptor P2X7, a critical regulator of immunologic, osteogenic, and neurologic functions. According to the higher level of intake of these dyes (Table 1 ), some adults may be above the ADI of Brilliant Blue FCF and Green S. Brilliant Blue FCF Synonym(s) : Erioglaucine disodium salt, Acid Blue 9, Alphazurine FG, FD&C;BLUE No. Objectives The boxed areas in the top row (original magnification 20) are shown in the bottom row (original magnification 40). We also demonstrated that current vein graft preparation techniques promote intimal hyperplasia, which can be reduced by FCF treatment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. Conte MS, Bandyk DF, Clowes AW, Moneta GL, Seely L, Lorenz TJ, et al. [17] X, Arcuino Storage of UM-HSVs (n=6-11) in HP, both with and without 50M FCF, did not impair functional viability of tissue (mean, 0.180 [0.018]105 N/m2 for control vs 0.133 [0.010]105 N/m2 for HP alone vs 0.174 [0.023]105 N/m2 for HP+FCF) (Figure 1A). FCF represents a nontoxic alternative for intraopera-tive vein graft marking for conduit orientation and appears to have beneficial pharmacologic effects in inhibiting intimal hyperplasia in vivo and in vitro. Sorption of Brilliant Blue FCF in soils as affected by pH and ionic Investigating Brilliant Blue FCF Dye (E133) 1 Introduction: The Lego Spectrophotometer is a simple Lego apparatus which can be used for a single beam scanning spectrophotometer experiment. [18] All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise specified. Brilliant blue dye 1 ([brilliant blue FCF [for food coloring]; hereinafter, FCF) is a food dye that is structurally related to brilliant blue G, which is an antagonist of the purinergic P2X7 receptor8 and the pannexin hemichannel (Panx1).9 We determined the effect of FCF on endothelial and smooth muscle function in human saphenous veins (HSVs). The dye does not inhibit the growth of any of these species. The P2X7 receptor isoform is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells10,11 and mediates numerous effects, including apoptosis, production of inflammatory mediators, and platelet activation.10,11 The P2X7 receptor has been described as a death receptor because its activation by extracellular ATP mediates the production of proinflammatory cytokines,12 increased activity of caspase-1, -3, and -8,13 increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity,14 apoptosis,14,15 oxidative stress,16 and cell membrane pore formation that allows passage of large molecules up to 900 Da and causes cytolysis under conditions of prolonged stimulation.17 The P2X7 receptor has been implicated in a diverse array of pathologic states and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis18 and perivascular inflammation.19 Purinergic receptors are gaining increasing attention as possible therapeutic targets for treatment of a variety of diseases; for example, P2X7 inhibition has been demonstrated to improve outcomes after spinal cord injury.20. Factors controlling smooth-muscle cell proliferation. Brilliant Blue FCF (FCF) Reduces Intimal Thickness in Human Saphenous Veins in Organ Culture, Figure 5. TR, Bates MJ, Hocking FCF pretreatment significantly reduced PDGF-induced proliferation of A7r5 cells in a dose-dependent fashion by 65% 21% at 50 M and 72% 14% at 100 M compared with PDGF-stimulated cells as measured by the MTT assay (n= 6, P =.03 and P = .01, respectively; Fig 2). [6], Like many other color additives, the primary use of Blue No. Additional Contributions: The cardiac surgical teams at the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System and Vanderbilt University Medical Center provided human specimens for this study.
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