christina, queen of sweden

On 3 November 1655, Christina announced her conversion to Catholicism in the Hofkirche and wrote to Pope Alexander VII and her cousin Charles X about it. One of them was Cardinal Decio Azzolino, who had been a secretary to the ambassador in Spain, and responsible for the Vatican's correspondence with European courts. He resided with Chanut, and finished his Passions of the Soul. [72] By 1665, according to Edward Browne, she regularly wore a velvet justacorps, cravat, and peruke (man's wig). Christina sent him food and hundreds of letters when he was locked up in Castel Sant'Angelo. [7] "[17] Gustav Adolf was closely attached to his daughter, whereas her mother remained aloof in her disappointment at the child being a girl. Christina was known to have a bent back, a deformed chest, and irregular shoulders. Pronunciation: VAH-sa. Geneall Wikipedia Queen regnant of Sweden: Reign 6 November 1632 - 6 June 1654, Coronation 20 October 1650 Predecessor: Gustav II Adolf Successor: Charles X Gustav Apie Kristina Vaza, Valdanti vedijos karalien (Lietuvi) Kristina Vaza (ved. Christina Queen of Sweden: The Restless Life of a European Eccentric As an older woman, Christina's style changed a little. Christina of Sweden (1626-1689) | Encyclopedia.com Leopold's collection is now part of the, Grate, Pontus, "Vasa Family. In August, she arrived in the Southern Netherlands and settled down in Antwerp. "It is a far greater happiness to obey no one than to rule the whole world .". Physical anthropologist Carl-Herman Hjortsj, who undertook the investigation, explained: "Our imperfect knowledge concerning the effect of intersex on the skeletal formation makes it impossible to decide which positive skeletal findings should be demanded upon which to base the diagnosis [of an intersex condition]." Christina of Denmark ( Danish: Kirstine Bjrnsdatter, Swedish: Kristina Bjrnsdotter; c. 1120/25 - c. 1160/70), was Queen of Sweden as the wife of King Eric "IX" (r. 1156-1160), and the mother of King Canute I of Sweden . "[106], Father Le Bel was told to have him buried inside the church, and Christina, seemingly unfazed, paid an abbey to say a number of Masses for his soul. On her way back Christina visited the beautiful and atheistic Ninon de l'Enclos in the convent at Lagny-sur-Marne. She sent letters recommending two of the Duke's daughters to Charles. Watson, 170; Penny 463 has different numbers, saying Crozat initially saw over 400 paintings. Queen Christina of Sweden as a Patron of Music in Rome in the Mid-Seventeenth Century by TESSA MURDOCH. She suffered from high blood pressure, and complained about bad eyesight and a crooked back. [118] Again she met with the freethinker and eye doctor Giuseppe Francesco Borri. The Book of Concord was not introduced. [s] Carlo Ambrogio Lonati and Giacomo Carissimi were Kapellmeister; Lelio Colista luteplayer; Loreto Vittori and Marco Marazzoli singers and Sebastiano Baldini librettist. 3, p. 95. She claimed her throne at the age of 18 before deciding to abdicate her position as ruler of Sweden in favor of her cousin, Charles X Gustav. In 1626, a Swedish Queen was born and I am not talking about that guy in the kitchen section of Ikea. C rowned queen in 1644, Christina of Sweden was a patron* of the arts and a lifelong scholar. [132][133] On 2 February 1687 Corelli or Alessandro Scarlatti directed a tremendous orchestra [134] performing a Pasquini cantata in praise for James II, England's first Catholic monarch since Mary I[135] to welcome Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine as the new ambassador to the Vatican, accompanied by the painter John Michael Wright, who knew Rome and spoke Italian. Christina of Sweden - New World Encyclopedia Christina's visit to Rome was the triumph of Pope Alexander VII and the occasion for splendid Baroque festivities. 58, no. Negri wrote eight letters about his walk through Scandinavia all the way up to "Capo Nord" in 1664. Christina, Queen of Sweden" Grove Art Online. [103] In July 1657, she returned to France, either being impatient or not so anxious to become queen of Naples. Per Brahe, who was supposed to remove the crown, did not move, so she had to take the crown off herself. She visited the Teixeira family at Jungfernstieg and entertained them in her own lodgings. [8] She was fond of books, manuscripts, paintings, and sculptures. Wearing his coat of mail, which protected him, he was chased around in an adjacent room before they finally succeeded in dealing him a fatal wound in his throat. She wrote to Louis XIV who two weeks later paid her a friendly visit without mentioning it. Jonsson, L. Ann-Marie Nilsson & Greger Andersson (1994), This page was last edited on 3 July 2023, at 04:21. [72], While Christina may not have been alone in her own time for choosing masculine dress (Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, for example, was known for dressing the same way), she also had physical features some described as masculine. [159] However, given how influential Christina became in her own era (especially for those in Rome), it is likely her style and mannerisms were at least of general interest to those around her, and this is reflected in many accounts. When her financial situation did not improve, the archduke invited her to his Brussels palace on Coudenberg. Franois Maximilian Misson (visiting Rome in the spring of April 1688) wrote: She is over sixty years of age, very small of stature, exceedingly fat, and corpulent. Palacio Real de La Granja de San Ildefonso. Rudolf had collected old and contemporary works from both Italy and northern Europe, but it was the Italian paintings that excited Christina, and by her death, her collection contained relatively few northern works other than portraits. [146] She was apparently given Titian's Death of Actaeon by the greatest collector of the age, Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Viceroy in Brussels she received many such gifts from Catholic royalty after her conversion,[147] and gave some generous gifts herself, notably Albrecht Drer's panels of Adam and Eve to Philip IV of Spain (now Prado). [28][e] For the subsequent years, Christina thrived in the company of her aunt Catherine and her family. You will hardly believe her clothes: a man's jacket, in black satin, reaching to her knees, and buttoned all the way down; a very short black skirt, and men's shoes; a very large bow of black ribbons instead of a cravat; and a belt drawn tightly under her stomach, revealing its rotundity all too well. 370 pp. Christina (born Kristina Augusta Wasa, 1626-1689) was Queen of Sweden from 1632-1654. In 1651, Christina lost much of her popularity after the beheading of Arnold Johan Messenius, together with his 17-year-old son, who had accused her of serious misbehavior and of being a "Jezebel". Queen Christina of Sweden, Lesbian Troublemaker By Ciaran Conliffe Last updated Oct 9, 2018 Christina of Sweden was trouble, right from the moment she was born. Granvelle had been the "greatest private collector of his time, the friend and patron of Titian and Leoni and many other artists",[143], Christina was entranced by her new possessions, and remained a keen collector for the rest of her life, and as a female art collector is only exceeded by Catherine the Great of Russia in the Early Modern period. [74][75], On 26 February 1649, Christina announced that she had decided not to marry and instead wanted her first cousin Charles Gustav to be heir to the throne. When the baby was born, it was first thought to be a boy as it was "hairy" and screamed "with a strong, hoarse voice. The case of Arnold Johan Messenius, In: Oskar Garstein. Mazarin gave her no official sponsorship but gave instructions that she be celebrated and entertained in every town on her way north. Eventually she submitted to a second renunciation of the throne, spending a year in Hamburg to get her finances in order on her way back to Rome. Life[ edit] Venus mourns Adonis by Veronese was from Prague, and is now back in Sweden (Nationalmuseum). [161], As a child, Christina's mannerisms could probably best be described as those of a tomboy. The funeral procession on 2 May led from Santa Maria in Vallicella to St. Peter's Basilica, where she was buried within the Grotte Vaticane one of only three women ever given this honor (the other two being Matilda of Tuscany and Maria Clementina Sobieska). [44] In 1651, the kabbalist Menasseh ben Israel offered to become her agent or librarian for Hebrew books and manuscripts; they discussed his messianic ideas as he had recently spelled them out in his latest book, Hope of Israel. In: Grate, Pontus, "Vasa Family. It was then that she received from the pope her second name of Alexandra, the feminine form of his own. From Christina's birth, King Gustav Adolph recognized her eligibility even as a female heir, and although called "queen", the official title she held as of her coronation by the Riksdag in February 1633 was king. She continued to regard herself as queen regnant all her life. Louis did not appreciate her views, but Christina was not to be silenced. Portrait of Queen Christina of Sweden (1626-1689). A second expedition in 1654 had failed and the Duke of Guise gave up. There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat. Christina seemed happy to study ten hours a day. In 1649, with the help of her uncle, John Casimir, Christina tried to reduce the influence of Oxenstierna, when she declared her cousin Charles Gustav as her heir presumptive. His son, Charles XI, was only five years old. The letters proving his guilt are gone; Christina left them with Le Bel and only he confirmed that they existed. Until 1649, when Christina was twenty-three, the Swedish royal art collection was unimpressive, with good tapestries but for paintings, little more than "about a hundred works by minor German, Flemish, and Swedish painters". [83] During the ten years of her reign, the number of noble families increased from 300 to about 600,[84] rewarding people such as Lennart Torstenson, Louis De Geer and Johan Palmstruch for their efforts. At the Palazzo Barberini, where she was welcomed on 28 February by a few hundred privileged spectators, she watched an amazing carousel in the courtyard. She was convinced that he had pronounced his own death sentence. (In fact, her permanent bed-head became her trademark look in paintings. [15] The question of her sexuality has been debated, even as a number of modern biographers generally consider her to have been a lesbian, and her relationships with women were noted during her lifetime;[60] Christina seems to have written passionate letters to Ebba Sparre, and Guilliet suggested a relationship between Christina and Gabrielle de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Rachel, a niece of Diego Teixeira,[160] and the singer Angelina Giorgino. Christina abdicated her throne on 6 June 1654 in favor of Charles Gustav. Pope Alexander VII remained in his summer residence and wanted no further visits from her. [150] She encouraged artists to study her collection, including the drawings, and exhibited some of her paintings, but apart from portraits she commissioned or bought few works by living painters, except for drawings. [50] On 15 January Descartes wrote he had seen Christina only four or five times. [9][10] The Peace of Westphalia allowed her to establish an academy or university when and wherever she wanted. $26.95. 1967", "Christina's revenge; or, The fate of Monaldeschi: with other poems", "Gribble, Francis. After the king died on the battlefield on 6November 1632, Maria Eleonora returned to Sweden with the embalmed body of her husband. Christina never revealed what was in the letters, but according to Le Bel, it is supposed to have dealt with her "amours", either with Monaldeschi or another person. "[12] Notwithstanding, she played a leading part in the theatrical and musical communities and protected many Baroque artists, composers, and musicians. As Queen of Naples, she would be financially independent of the Swedish king, and also capable of negotiating peace between France and Spain.[q]. Illustrated. (1987) Christina van Zweden: een uitzonderlijke vorst, p. 7980. [128] Christina wrote an unfinished autobiography, of which there are several drafts extant,[129] essays on her heroes Alexander the Great, Cyrus the Great and Julius Csar, on art and music (Penses, LOuvrage du Loisir and Les Sentiments Hroques)[43] and acted as patron to musicians and poets as Vincenzo da Filicaja. (Original work published 1913)", "DISPLAY AS IDENTITY: QUEEN CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN'S CONSTRUCTION OF A PUBLIC IMAGE THROUGH HER STANZA DEI QUADRI By KATHERINE AUNE (2012)", The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day by Ivan Lindsay, "Cardinal Stories. A 71-year-old Axel Oxenstierna died in 1654, still Sweden's Chancellor. Konsthistorisk tidskrift, Vol. Her father insisted she should receive "the education of a prince", and some have interpreted this as acceptance, on the part of the king, that she had masculine features or that there was some form of gender ambiguity in her upbringing. In 1644, he suggested a new church order, but it was voted down as this was interpreted as Crypto-Calvinism. During the winter Christina lived in the apostolic palace in Pesaro, probably to flee the plague which infested several regions including Naples. [a] She succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death at the Battle of Ltzen in 1632, but began ruling the Swedish Empire when she reached the age of eighteen in 1644. For several months, she was the only preoccupation of the Pope and his court. Frn forntiden till stormaktstidens slut 1720 (Enligsh: "Music in Sweden. Every Wednesday she held the palace open to visitors from the higher classes who kept themselves busy with poetry and intellectual discussions. He was worried that her instability might pass on to their daughter. For four months Christina was lodged in the mansion of a Jewish merchant. Thus Christina acquired for her library a number of valuable illustrated works and rare manuscripts. Already in 1654, she had left her income to the banker Diego Teixeira in return for him sending her a monthly allowance and covering her debts in Antwerp. Her parents had no surviving children, and her mother Maria was desperate to give King Gustavus a son. I started this poem in 2013 and lived with it for a long time. In February 1654, she plainly told the Council of her plans to abdicate. She fostered trade and manufacture, education, literature and science. [41] To catalogue her new collection she asked Isaac Vossius to come to Sweden and Heinsius to purchase more books on the market.[42]. [n] Another Franciscan was the Swede Lars Skytte, who, under the name pater Laurentius, served as Christina's confessor for eight years.[o]. Sven Hakon Rossel (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242252, Peter H. Wilson (2010) Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War, p. 16. "Born on This Day: Queen Christina of Sweden", The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day by Ivan Lindsay, p. 17, "Expressions of power: Queen Christina of Sweden and patronage in Baroque Europe, p. 57 by Nathan A. Popp", Maria Eleonora, queen of sweden, urn:sbl:9106, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art by Maureen Kromnow) from 2022-12-02, "Who's Who in Queen Christina's Life by Tracy Marks", Gotland och dess fornminnen: Anteckningar rrande ns historia, folksgner by Maria Octavia Carln, p. 216, "Antique map of Scandinavia by Blaeu W. & J.
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