communist party of turkmenistan

Besides serving as head of the Democratic Party (as the reconstituted Communist Party of Turkmenistan is called) and chairman of the advisory People's Council and the Cabinet of Ministers, Niyazov also appoints the procurator general and other officers of the courts. Russian attempts to encroach upon Turkmen territory began in earnest in the latter part of the nineteenth century. In this regard, we should mention the process with the Turkmen cultural elite, including, for example, the leading Turkmen poetess Annasoltan Kekilova (Rashid, 1994, p.195), the leading writer Berdy Kerbabaev and many others. When the Soviets came to power in 1920s, People had to add a Russian suffix to their names. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, , "State Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic", , First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan, Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars, , Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmenistan: Sovereignty and Independence, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&oldid=8844088, Articles containing Turkmen-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. 1992. Following annexation to Russia, the area was administered as the Transcaspian Region by corrupt and malfeasant military officers and officials appointed by the Turkestan Governor-Generalship in Tashkent. in 1991 with Durdymurad Khodamuhammedov as the head of the party (Torkunov, 2012, p.518). [6][7][8][9], Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (19251991), First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan, "Trkmenistany Prezidentini PERMANY Trkmenistany Halk Maslahatyny Balygy hakynda", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_leaders_of_Turkmenistan&oldid=1146113424, This page was last edited on 22 March 2023, at 21:14. The case of the dynamics of Agzybirlik, the most visible, albeit informal (at least from the beginning) movement established in the Turkmen SSR, symptomatically shows this tendency and its fate was also repeated in other less important groups. It was founded as the Socialist Power Party ( Turkish: Sosyalist ktidar Partisi, SP) on 16 August 1993. 1, Ashgabat: Turkmenska gosudarstvenna izdatelska sluba. [2] With the Turkmen defeat (which is now marked by the Turkmen as a national day of mourning and a symbol of national pride), the annexation of what is present-day Turkmenistan met with only weak resistance. KULIEV Avdy, 2001, Turkmenska lita. The Supreme Soviet was a unicameral legislature of the republic headed by a Chairman, with its superiority to both the executive and judicial branches and its members meet in Ashkhabad. After an unanimous vote of its Supreme Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. Independence in was supposed to give way to democracy. 17Perestroika in Turkmenistan brought at least some chance to shift the political system in the country to bring it closer to reformist movement, as appeared in various parts of the Soviet Union (Baltic states, Georgia, or even Russia). Central committee - Wikiwand On 13 May 1925, Turkmen ASSR was promoted to a union republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR. KONSTITUCI TURKMENSKOJ SOVETSKOJ SOCIALISTICESKOJ RESPUBLIKI, 1978, Ashgabat: Turkmenistan. ), 2006, Sredn Azi: ugrozy, napadki, aresty i pritesneni, kotorym podvergats zaitniki [Central Asia: The threats, attacks, arrests and suppression of human rights defenders], Dublin: Front Line. The programme and the topics based on the moderate and (in some cases) radical Turkmen nationalism did not find necessary reaction in the regions and even beyond the narrow Ashgabat circles. However, the years immediately before the revolution had been marked by sporadic Turkmen uprisings against Russian rule, most prominently the anti-tsarist revolt of 1916 that expanded through the whole of Turkestan. Although in 1990 the demonstration of Agzybirlik was broken up by the power structure, a year later it was allegedly Niyazovs initiative to establish a National Memorial day (. He was replaced and later sacked by Gapurov (Kadyrov, 2003a, pp. The groups movements, informal groups or, at the last stage of USSR existence, also political parties and entities were personally interconnected with each other. His negative attitude towards perestroika and glasnost was fully confirmed by his steps after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Niyazovs reaction to the alternative groups varied from case to case and oscillated between the incorporation of their programmes into his own agenda (and consequent marginalisation of his opponents), to their repression. VASILEVA Olga, 1991, Respubliki i perevorot v centre [The Republic and the coup in the centre], in .V Rasivalova & N.S. Can you list the top facts and stats about Communist Party of Turkmenistan? Insight view], Centralnoazitskij tolstyj urnal [http://www.ctaj.elcat.kg/tolstyi/a/a063.htm]. Many intellectuals, like Nzm Hikmet, joined the party's ranks. As a result, Ashgabatis and Akhal-Tekes were systematically removed from influential positions in the republican apparatus or even eliminated from the political, social or cultural life in the first half of the 1970s (Kadyrov, 2001a, pp. The group reached only a limited public and its initiator okhrat Kadyrov became famous for his later article about the 1992 Turkmenistan constitution (Ryblov, 2004, p.45) and was subsequently forced to emigrate from the country. In 1992 an Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Communist Party was founded but the party was not legalized. The problems of late-Soviet elite formation are also reflected in several texts and memories of former political figures and activists of that period (Kuliev, 2001 & 2006; Demidov, 2000 & 2002; Ryblov, 2004; senov, 2008; Rakov, 2015).2 Some information for this study comes from interviews with several members of the Turkmenistan opposition (particularly with Avdy Kuliev), or journalists coming from Turkmenistan (Viktor Panov). Generally, he further developed the political culture existing already in Gapurovs Turkmen SSR and contributed to it with his personal intolerant character. , 2005, tnologi upravleni v Srednej Azii: vera, segodn, zavtra [Central Asia. Niyazov, to a great extent a stranger among his own people, satisfied the Akhal-Teke group and, at the same time, he was dependent on the Moscow legitimisation in Ashgabat, despite his alleged Akhal-Teke origin. In, Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. 186 & 299-300; Nizov, 1994, p.17). MILLER John H., 1977, Cadres Policy in Nationality Areas: Recruitment of cpsu First and Second Secretaries in Non-Russian Republics of the ussr, Soviet Studies 29(1), pp. Caroters, however, did not research the historical specifics of each transition country. , 2003a, Naci plemen. 108-118. This paranoid approach and his own loneliness without a firm anchor in the republic led him to the position of resistance to any attempts at alternative development. Trapped Between State and Society: Women's Liberation and - Omnilogos He kept his loyalty to Gorbachev, when he had real power. . Agzybirlik tried to establish itself as a national movement but was definitively banned (Kadyrov, 2001a, p.92, , 1991). 13Therefore, Niyazov behaved in the style of the two-faces policy, one for Moscow and the second for intra-Turkmenistan issues. The republic found itself rather unprepared for the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence that followed in 1991.[4]. 50-51; Rakov, 2015). In 1973, Rakhimov graduated from the Department of Journalism of Moscow State University. Gestion de l'indpendance et legs sovitique en Asie centrale, Karakalpaks et autres gens de lAral: entre rivages et dserts, La Mmoire et ses supports en Asie centrale, Patrimoine manuscrit et vie intellectuelle de l'Asie centrale islamique, Lhritage timouride: Iran Asie centrale Inde, XV, Inde-Asie centrale: routes du commerce et des ides, Portail de ressources lectroniques en sciences humaines et sociales, Intra-Elite Struggles in the Turkmen SSR and its Consequences Before Perestroika. It was dissolved in December 1991 and reconstituted as the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan that has ruled the country since then. The nationalities policy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) led to a development of a Turkmen political elite and promoted Russification. 135-136). In this regard, we should mention the process with the Turkmen cultural elite, including, for example, the leading Turkmen poetess Annasoltan Kekilova (Rashid, 1994, p.195), the leading writer Berdy Kerbabaev and many others. MAR | Data | Chronology for Russians in Turkmenistan Once Boris Yeltsin increased his position, Niyazov turned his support to him in the last months of the Soviet Union (Ryblov, 2004, p.9). Scientific-popular review]. KALIEVSKIJ Mikhail, 2014, Turkmenistan: Oppozici v tiskakh baizma [Turkmenistan: The opposition under the pressure of bashism], Ferghana News, 25 March [http://www.fergananews.com/articles/8098]. [2], Because the Turkmen generally were indifferent to the advent of Soviet rule in 1917, little revolutionary activity occurred in the region in the years that followed. In the 1920s the Turkmen SSR standardised the Turkmen language (as prior to this, the vast majority of the population was not literate and those that were tended to use the Chaghtai or Persian languages for writing, though in the late 19th and early 20th century there was growing interest in the use of Ottoman Turkish register for writing as it is an Oghuz language and closer linguistically). The internal formal and informal politics in the republic acquired its own specifics based on the conservation of cadres under Muhammetnazar Gapurov, then the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR from 1969 to 1985. Inside the republic, however, he launched changes, traditional for a new leader, of the new Soviet republics leaders. 1 The text was created within Charles University grant project PRVOUKP17. note Puppet King : He's Turkmenistan's official leader, but he holds little actual power and his authority primarily derives from the advisors who surveil and guide his every move. 16In sum, the political culture during Gapurovs period (and even before him), together with cadre changes traditional in Turkmenistan after the appointment of a new First Secretary and the personal character of the new leader Saparmurat Niyazov, together created the mix of settings in which perestroika was taking place in Turkmenistan and also determined the political culture in post-Soviet Turkmenistan. TOLLYEV ouir (pseudonym), 2002, Pamtnik idiotizma (recenzi na knigu Saparmurata Nizova Ruhnama) [The Monument of idiotism (review of Saparmurat Niyazovs book Ruhnama)], Erkin Turkmenistan, 24 October [http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1035403800]. He initiated a similar cotton affair within the republic, removing many important state figures from their positions (Ryblov, 2004, p.21). [3], Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". 1970 / . The powers intervened during both attempts to transform the group to an official movement or even a political party in March 1991 and January 1992 (Kadyrov, 2002b). [2] In 1869 the Russian Empire established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the Caspian Sea port of Krasnovodsk (now Trkmenbay). Communist Party of Turkmenistan (1998) - Wikipedia These factors enabled Niyazov to suppress any opponents in the last stages of perestroika and the beginning of the independent period. SAPAROV Niiaz, 2000, The Turkmen Model of Democracy: Specific Features, Central Asia and the Caucasus 1(2) [http://www.ca-c.org/journal/2000/journal_eng/eng02_2000/20.sap.shtml]. Founded in 1991; was created subsequent to the Soviet Union's demise as a successor party to the Communist Party of theTurkmen SSR. The ending ev/ov was added to male names and eva/ova to female names. [2], Ruling party of the Turkmen SSR (19241991). Most religious education and religious observances were banned. ], Nikolai Starodymovs Personal Website, 23 May [http://starodymov.ru/?p=5164]. 174-175). [2], Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were suppressed by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen: , Trkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Russian: , Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. [8], When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the Turkmen. Respect for the Integrity of the Person a. Muhammetnazar Gapurov understood the threat coming from the Ashgabat elite group. , 2015, The Battle of Gkdepe in the Turkmen Post-Soviet Historical Discourse, Central Asian Survey 34(2), pp. As the formation of political culture and new ways of thinking are firmly connected with political psychology (psychology of the leader), I am also grateful to my colleague Jiri Sipek from the Department of Psychology, Charles University, in Prague. . 24Other groups that could be considered as alternative were found at the end of the Soviet Union and at the time when Niyazov managed to consolidate his power together with his Party and State organs repressive machine. V41, T.2: Azi [The Political Systems of Modern States. The politics of Turkmenistan took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. Some figures from Agzybirlik and other movements who attempted to express their opinions in more open Moscow media were often subject to the prophylactic interviews back in Ashgabat or even dismissed from their positions (Rashid, 1994, p.196). Moscow initiated nearly all political activity in the republic. Refworld | Freedom in the World 2013 - Turkmenistan Was led by ex-Soviet provincial Party leader Saparmurat Niyazov from the collapse of the Soviet Union early in the 1990s until he died in . The dissolution of the USSR and the proclamation of independence fully opened the way to enforce Niyazovs political views, which did not tolerate any alternative or even opposition. The politics of Turkmenia took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic. The Programme and the Position], 1991. [6] From the 1930s onward, the nationality policy favoured use of the Turkmen language in areas of government "closest to the people": education, health, etc, paired with an acceptance that knowledge of the Russian language would be required for most government work as well as advancement in many careers: the government would no longer work to make knowledge of Russian superfluous to advancement and would cease active efforts to have Turkmen be the language of administration, and from 1938 onwards non-Russian students throughout the Soviet Union would be required to become fluent in Russian in order to advance through secondary and tertiary education. After the interruption of Moscow support, he had, in his view, no other way to keep the rule but the crackdown on alternative movements as well as on the most prominent figures of the Turkmen elite with other points of view. This process depends substantially on the presidents background and personal character. As with the other Soviet republics, Turkmenia followed the MarxistLeninist ideology. , 2001b, Turkmenistan: Institut prezidentstva v klanovom postkolonialnom obestve [The Institute of the president in the clan postcolonial society]. Russian attempts to annex Turkmen territory began in the second half of nineteenth century. A few years later, they annexed Khiva Khanate in 1873. Turkmenistan - Political Parties - Country Studies ALEKSANDROV .G., 1996, Turkmeny. The vast majority of mosques were closed. However, it seems that the authoritarian path chosen by Niyazov, accompanied by the harsh repression against any alternative, meant it became one the fundaments for its long-term stability. In fact, these two different and opposite views on the development of the Soviet republic put the alternative groups into opposition with the regime and its marginality in the substantial (and even politically influential) part of the Turkmen society. It rather tries to show the growing authoritarianism of Niyazov, which fully unfolded after independence and the loss of upper control from the Soviet centre. The promotion of the historical thesis on the voluntary inclusion of Turkmen in Russia became the second important issue in this field, which encountered only rare opposition within the elites (Kadyrov, 2003a, pp. The Political Elite in an Ethnic Society, in Sally Cummings (ed. 3 Niyazov was affiliated to Jewish (Tollyev, 2002), Kurdish-Iranian (Mitrokhin & Ponomarev, 1996) and even Arabic origin (Kadyrov, 2001b, p.17). Rakhimov, Serdar - Prove They Are Alive [2] In 1897 a similar agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans. The last open protests were suppressed in 1994-1995. 133-135; Annanepesov, Roslkov & Gapurov, 1984). Communist Party of Turkestan - Wikipedia 4 Description of the personal character of Niyazov was provided to the author by several people from his former entourage in the first years of his rule (A. Kuliev, former minister of foreign affairs, 1999), or from business contacts (Czech businessmen conducting negotiations with Turkmenistan in 2004-2005). URL: http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/3227, Slavomr Hork is a research fellow at the Department of Russian and East European Studies of the Institute of International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague. ), Put. Even if some writers tried to adapt soft power through protest or hunger strikes, it had no results against the growing repressive machine of the regime in 1991 (Ryblov, 2004, pp. China is estimated to have imported 23.03 million tonnes of gas from Turkmenistan in the first 11 months of 2022, according to Rystad Energy, equivalent to more than 50% of China's piped gas imports. 18When analysing the problem of the informal and unofficial groups advancing a type of Turkmen SSR development alternative to the official course, we could define them under one category: alternative groups. This term could cover all the various instances that appeared in Turkmenistan. In 1992 an Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Communist Party was founded but the party was not . Therefore, the important democratic slogans and refusal to serve as more radical nationalists or followers of Islamic renaissance split the movement and its representatives from its potential supporters. 11Saparmurat Niyazov the future First secretary worked at the Communist Party of Turkmenistan Central Committee during Gapurovs leadership. According to Rashid, the first protests in Ashgabat took place as early as 1987, when about 2,000 veterans of the Soviet Afghan conflict took to the streets (Rashid, 1994, p.196), although the event took place within the first meeting of Afghan veterans, including a festival of Afghan songs (Rokov, 2015). . The Transcaspian Region and Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR) became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, having equal status with e.g. [2], In October 1924 Central Asia was divided into distinct political entities. He also adopted the initiative concerning the Geok Tepe battle. 6-9). When other Soviet republics claimed sovereignty over their territory in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies. 131-132). The Ethnology of political management: yesterday, today and tomorrow], Conference Turkmenistan: Not an Orange Revolution but Regional? Oslo, 6 June [http://igpi.ru/bibl/other_articl/1119947605.html]. Vospominani o zemle i eloveke, na kotorykh svet soels klinom [The Memory, tell it to the world. The Soviet regime's policy of indigenization (korenizatsiia) involved the promotion of national culture and language and the creation of a native administration for each ethnic group in its own territory. [ MSC, trad.] In 2001, the party changed its name to the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) and took over the historical legacy of the TKP. 3In an attempt to understand which long-term and immediate factors impacted the further development of the country, the text focuses on the following issues: the situation of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in the Brezhnev and post-Brezhnev period and the character as well as the composition of the intra-Turkmen elite, which enabled (with the support of Moscow) the rule of a single person, in this case Niyazov. The Writers Union of Turkmenistan, which was potentially considered as one of the centres of alternative views (as expressed in the journal debit ve sungat [Literature and art] was silenced during the February 1991 congress when Niyazov dismissed its chief editor Airkuli Bajriev and incorporated his favourites to the leadership of the Union. 42-43). Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (1) 16 December 1991: 21 June 1992 2nd 21 June 1992 28 December 1999: 3rd 28 December 1999 21 . [citation needed]. "Turkmen Leader Unhurt in Attack by Gunman", Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan, Organisation of Trade Unions of Turkmenistan, Magtymguly Youth Organisation of Turkmenistan, The Turkmen socio-political movement Vatan, People's Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan, The Liberal Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Turkmenistan_(1998)&oldid=1157870759, Communist parties in the former Soviet Union, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 31 May 2023, at 13:53. 130-131). The second part of this text analyses the growth of these groups and their main issues for discussion, as well as their interaction with the powers, with Niyazov as the head of the latter. 8In the Brezhnev period, stability was proclaimed unofficially as the most decisive factor of the cadres policy, particularly in the Central Asian area (Willerton, 1987; Miller, 1977). Across the road from the Statue of Lenin this austere concrete building was once the Archive of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan. 27-46. [8] The previous nationality policies of the 1920s and early 1930s involved promoting the use of the Turkmen language for administration in all areas of the state, party, and economy (along with the longer-lasting system of preferential quotas and advancement for ethnic Turkmen in government, party, and industrial jobs with the aim of achieving a majority Turkmen bureaucracy) and attempts at requiring non-Turkmen to learn the Turkmen language. Other experiments with the establishment of political parties were organised in 1992; the Agrarian Party, the Communist Party, Agzybirlik, as well as the Russian Society of Turkmenistan, had ambitions to participate in the future elections. 20Apart from the Afghan problem, the question of the language became the first real key issue in the perestroika movements in Turkmenistan. 42-43). . The Soviet Space Programme had manufactured Proton, Mir and Soyuz rockets and crew bomber missiles during the Cold War. He initiated a similar cotton affair within the republic, removing many important state figures from their positions (Ryblov, 2004, p.21). As of 1922, the party membership was composed of: Number % Russians: 9,424 49.7 Kazakh/Kyrgyz: 4,409 23.3 Uzbek: 2,021 10.7 Turkmen: 867 4.6 Tajik: 421 2.2 Others (Tatar, Karakalpak, etc.) [2] From there and other points, they marched on and subdued the Khiva Khanate in 1873. Turkmenia was industrialized and natural resources were exploited in a limited degree. As Thomas Caroters, the critique of the concept, pointed out, the transformation from the Soviet system assumed an inevitable shift towards liberalisation or democracy with a key role being played by the election processes (Caroters, 2002, pp. [2] Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces undertook punitive raids against Khorazm, in the process slaughtering hundreds of Turkmen and destroying their settlements. He was not tolerant towards any alternative way of thinking or disagreement or challenge to his ideas (Ryblov, 2004, pp. 1982. PROGRAMMA VE DZGNNAMA [Agzybirlik Democratic Peoples Movement. Communist Party of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia , 2009, Elitnye klany [The Elite Clans], Moscow: MMix. 2 November 1990 16 December 1991: 16 years, 49 days Communist Party of Turkmenistan. As such, Agzybirlik represented an important challenge for the regime and the stability of those Akhal-Teke who were firmly connected with their recently gained positions. Thousands of Russians and other Slavs, as well people of various nationalities mainly from the Caucasus, migrated to urban areas of Turkmenia.
Uva Biology Major Requirements, Emory Select Physical Therapy, Villa Glori Rome Address, Articles C