factors affecting sample collection

When thinking about the impact of sampling strategies on research ethics, you need to take into account: (a) the sampling techniques that you use; (b) the sample size you select; and (c) the role of gatekeepers that influence access to your sample: When sampling, you need to decide what units (i.e., what people, organisations, data, etc.) Your sampling frame is the company's HR database, which lists the names and contact details of every employee. Factors Contributing To Sample Size Collection There are certain factors that are taken into consideration before determining the sample size of a particular experiment or a study. Dettmer K, Almstetter MF, Appel IJ, Nurnberger N, Schlamberger G, Gronwald W, Meyer HH, Oefner PJ. Pechlivanis A, Kostidis S, Saraslanidis P, Petridou A, Tsalis G, Veselkov K, Mikros E, Mougios V, Theodoridis GA. 1H NMR study on the short- and long-term impact of two training programs of sprint running on the metabolic fingerprint of human serum. A change of materials cannot be considered for sample size estimation. Factors affecting the outcome of metabolomics studies that should be considered before sample collection, i.e. Transportation time can be varied, which can be from specimen collection center to the laboratory or from other wards. The researcher should adapt an effective, simple, and consistent system. Storage of biofluids at 80C or below is regarded as the preferred condition [95]. Your sampling frame should include the whole population. Nicholson JK, Buckingham MJ, Sadler PJ. Metabolic Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Nontargeted Tissue Metabolomics. Furthermore, lifestyle factors including smoking also led to a clear separation of the metabolic profiles in blood in a comparison of cigarette smokers and nonsmokers [63]. Nicholson JK, Lindon JC, Holmes E. 'Metabonomics': understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. An individual SOP for the sample pretreatment for mass-spectrometry analysis is recommended, because this pre-analytical step is not performed at once, e.g. Actually, the differences in LCMS analysis between plasma samples generated by different anticoagulants are not evident [71, 82], except for Li+-heparin (see above). [2,3] The differences exist between the different types of study design alike description and analytical study. Confidence level- Confidence level represents the accuracy of the data. Wung WE, Howell SB. In particular, inexperienced scientists can be overwhelmed by the huge number of different sample-pretreatment procedures in the literature. 2). In the discovery step, profiling of a broad range of metabolites in a small set of samples is performed by a non-targeted metabolomics approach with the objective of detecting potential biomarkers [36]. 21321064) from the national natural science foundation of China, the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion (GZ 753 by DFG and NSFC to GX and RL and LE 1391/1-1 by DFG to RL), and by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) to the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V., Grant 01GI0925). Pinto et al. However, the sensitivity of individual samples to repeated freezethaw cycles varies, which led us to conclude that the stability of serum or plasma is also dependent on the donors [25]. For example, they may control what access is (and is not) granted to which individuals, coerce individuals into taking part in your research, and influence the nature of responses. Wedge DC, Allwood JW, Dunn W, Vaughan AA, Simpson K, Brown M, Priest L, Blackhall FH, Whetton AD, Dive C, Goodacre R. Is serum or plasma more appropriate for intersubject comparisons in metabolomic studies? There are two primary types of sampling methods that you can use in your research: You should clearly explain how you selected your sample in the methodology section of your paper or thesis, as well as how you approached minimizing research bias in your work. This predetermined number is also known as the sample size which is the first step of the sampling technique. From the practical perspective it should be mentioned that in most clinical studies it is feasible to separate blood cells from plasma within 2h, and it should be possible in almost all studies to separate the cells from plasma within 4h. Cooling of whole-blood samples at once in iced water is recommended for short-term preservation before centrifugation and separation of plasma. Yin P, Peter A, Franken H, Zhao X, Neukamm SS, Rosenbaum L, Lucio M, Zell A, Haring HU, Xu G, Lehmann R. Preanalytical aspects and sample quality assessment in metabolomics studies of human blood. The sample size is a measure of the number of individual samples that are present or have been observed during an experiment or a survey conducted. In complex clinical studies the blood collection is commonly described as the easy part. For the oral-glucose tolerance test at least 8h and for the measurement of triglycerides and homocysteine 912h fasting is recommended [54]. The estimation varies with the grouping, control, and population size in randomized clinical trials, observational and epidemiological studies. On this basis, assess whether you think you will need to get ethical approval for your dissertation research (something we address in STAGE SEVEN: Assessment point). Stepwise thawing and keeping the samples at 4C for as short a time as possible before refreezing is highly recommended. For example, if you want to get information about teachers in India, the population size will be the total number of teachers in India. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented in the sample. This raises potential data protection and confidentiality issues because units in the list (i.e., when people are your units) will not necessarily have given you permission to access the list with their details. Brauer R, Leichtle AB, Fiedler GM, Thiery J, Ceglarek U. Preanalytical standardization of amino acid and acylcarnitine metabolite profiling in human blood using tandem mass spectrometry. Issaq HJ, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD. Accessibility Want EJ. In this review we focus on the factors which, in practice, most often affect laboratory results in healthy individuals and which explain an unexpected result. After four freezethaw cycles at 4C only 0.5% (4/706) of metabolite ions changed significantly in our recently published non-targeted metabolomics approach [25]. In such cases, there are few ethical concerns. van der Greef J, van Wietmarschen H, van Ommen B, Verheij E. Looking back into the future: 30years of metabolomics at TNO. An official website of the United States government. Another very important, simple, but less respected procedure in this context is to thaw the body fluids in iced water and not at room temperature (see section The effect of freezing and thawing). Sample size Repeated freezethaw cycles should be avoided. Ask yourself: Do I think that participants are taking part voluntarily? Given the fact that the data that has been collected is accurate to what extent? There are various factors can affect the measurement of drugs in blood. Serotonin and choline were easily affected when placed at 37C. For the generation of serum a strictly controlled fixed time at room temperature (at least 30min) followed by immediate cooling is suggested. Wishart DS. Bouatra S, Aziat F, Mandal R, Guo AC, Wilson MR, Knox C, Bjorndahl TC, Krishnamurthy R, Saleem F, Liu P, Dame ZT, Poelzer J, Huynh J, Yallou FS, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bogumil R, Roehring C, Wishart DS. ), and collection, transportation, and storage of blood specimens are discussed. Complementary targeted and non-targeted-analysis metabolomics is an important technique for systems biology and translational medicine, in particular in combination with transcriptomics and/or proteomics investigations [30, 31]. Samples are used to make inferences about populations. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Similar to a convenience sample, a voluntary response sample is mainly based on ease of access. Studies focused on preanalytical problems are the basis for recommendations and SOPs to achieve comparable and reproducible results in metabolomics studies. 1Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 China, 2Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry (Central Laboratory), University Hospital Tbingen, 72076 Tbingen, Germany, 3Inst. Hence compromises need to be made between perfect preanalytical processing, the feasibility in the clinical study, and possible preanalytical effects on analytes. For mycobacterial investigation of urine, complete early morning urine are required (from 3 consecutive days) as this increases the possibility of isolating the mycobacteria. This is called a quota. It is necessary that all manuscripts either in vivo or in vitro have the sample size estimation. One of them says a minimum of 30 samples should be taken, and another says 12 minimum samples should be considered before carrying out a study. For example- if the confidence level is 95%, then the chances of your data being accurate will be 95%. Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. What are the important terms related to Sample Size? In our recent study we used plastic sample-collection tubes with different anticoagulants, and also detected a strong chemical noise in the Li-heparin tubes [25]. Population Size- Population size refers to the total number of people that you are trying to study. Plasma-sample collectors have the great advantage that the samples can be put at once into ice water. The preanalytical challenges for metabolomics of blood are mainly caused by two factors: the stability of metabolites and the metabolic action of cells in the sample collection tube. Organic solvents, ultrafiltration, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are commonly used methods for protein precipitation [103]. Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Collection, storage and transport of samples. Numerous methods are listed in literature to estimate the sample size. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important ways. The list of these factors is long and laborious to bear in mind. In these types of research, the aim is not to test a hypothesis about a broad population, but to develop an initial understanding of a small or under-researched population. Scribbr. An NMR-based metabolomics study confirmed that prolonged clotting time affects the components of the metabolome [89]. Convenience sampling is very economical and less complicated. It is mainly used in quantitative research. This is bad from two perspectives, but only one is arguably a potential ethical issue: First, it is bad because your dissertation findings will be of a lower quality; they will not reflect the population of all students at the university that you are interested in, which will most likely lead to a lower mark (i.e., external validity is an important goal of quantitative research). from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/, Sampling Methods | Types, Techniques & Examples, Frequently asked questions about sampling. This risk is particularly high in clinical studies, and poor sample quality may heavily bias the CV of the final analytical results, leading to disappointing outcomes of the study and consequently, although unjustified, to critical questions about the analytical performance of the approach from the partner who provided the samples. The formula for sample size estimation varies with the type of study designs. The popular rule of thumb is the sample size 30 which means 30% of the population as the sample size. Example 1: The school system of a major city wanted to determine the characteristics of a great teacher, and so they asked 120 students to rate the importance of each of the following 9 criteria using a Likert scale of 1 to 10 with 10 representing that a particular characteristic is extremely important and 1 representing . Teahan O, Gamble S, Holmes E, Waxman J, Nicholson JK, Bevan C, Keun HC. When you conduct research about a group of people, its rarely possible to collect data from every person in that group. Retrieved July 14, 2023, Slide 16: Timing of Specimen Collection. Prompt (within 30min) separation of blood cells from plasma by centrifugation at 4C is ideal, but storage of whole blood for a maximum of 4h in iced water before centrifugation is acceptable and should be feasible in almost all clinical studies. studied the stability of B vitamins and metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism in serum samples stored at 25C for 29years [96]. Hemolytic samples, which can be identified by the levels of free hemoglobin, should be excluded from a study. Physical exercise, stress, and several lifestyle aspects are also important factors affecting the blood metabolome and should be avoided before blood collection. National Library of Medicine Dallmann et al. Let's take the example of the career choices of students at your university. For this reason, well-considered preparation of the study subjects is needed before sample collection for metabolomics studies. Therefore, in the study questionnaire dietary supplements and drugs must be included and this information should be also reported to the analytical chemists. The confidence interval can be described as, for a certain proportion of time, the probability that a population parameter will fall between a certain value. For SPE the selected solid phase defines which metabolite classes will be reduced or even lost. Therefore, Li+-heparin cannot be recommended for metabolomics analysis. Early detection of disease is of great importance for the prognosis of the patient, especially for chronic and serious diseases including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [3235]. Then you use random or systematic sampling to select a sample from each subgroup. Analysis of Human Proteome Organization Plasma Proteome Project (HUPO PPP) reference specimens using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry: multi-institution correlation of spectra and identification of biomarkers. Leyland-Jones BR, Ambrosone CB, Bartlett J, Ellis MJ, Enos RA, Raji A, Pins MR, Zujewski JA, Hewitt SM, Forbes JF, Abramovitz M, Braga S, Cardoso F, Harbeck N, Denkert C, Jewell SD, Breast International G, Cooperative Groups of the Breast Cancer Intergroup of North A, American College of Surgeons Oncology G, Cancer, Leukemia Group B, Eastern Cooperative Oncology G, North Central Cancer Treatment G, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials G, Southwest Oncology G, National Surgical Adjuvant B, Bowel P, Radiation Oncology G, Gynecologic Oncology G, Children's Oncology G Recommendations for collection and handling of specimens from group breast cancer clinical trials. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups. Collected blood samples (for plasma generation) should be placed at once in iced water after drawing, and blood intended for serum preparation should be placed in iced water immediately after 30min clotting at room temperature. The effect of plasma storage at 37C and 4C on serotonin, lyso-phospholipids, and choline. However, how MHPs use digital tools in client interaction is yet to be sufficiently understood, which poses challenges to their design, development, and implementation. The main steps of blood pretreatment for metabolomics include quenching, deproteinization, and extraction. A caution has to be ascertained during the use of these tools. Serum and plasma are believed to be relatively stable when stored at 80C. Care must also be taken that already existing SOPs are checked before the start of a metabolomics project for their general applicability, to ensure they are suitable for sample collection for omics approaches. Chan YC, Suzuki M, Yamamoto S. A comparison of anthropometry, biochemical variables and plasma amino acids among centenarians, elderly and young subjects. Revised on Metabolite Profiles from Dried Biofluid Spots for Metabonomic Studies using UPLC Combined with oaToF-MS. Michopoulos F, Theodoridis G, Smith CJ, Wilson ID. Lucio M, Fekete A, Weigert C, Wagele B, Zhao X, Chen J, Fritsche A, Haring H-U, Schleicher ED, Xu G, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Lehmann R. Insulin sensitivity is reflected by characteristic metabolic fingerprintsa Fourier transform mass spectrometric non-targeted metabolomics approach. Furthermore, most B vitamins were found to be unstable during long-term storage. Delays in transport may affect in particular the labile factors (FV, FVIII), leading to prolonged clotting times and in vitro loss of factor activity . 1. reported that sodium and potassium formate may cause matrix effects and interferences affecting co-eluting polar metabolites [71]. Several important preanalytical factors that may seriously affect the profile of the investigated metabolome in body fluids, including factors before sample collection, blood drawing, subsequent handling of the whole blood (transportation), processing of plasma and serum, and inadequate conditions for sample storage, will be discussed. Koulman A, Prentice P, Wong MC, Matthews L, Bond NJ, Eiden M, Griffin JL, Dunger DB. FIB The significance level is normally set at 0.05 or 0.01. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. The factors affecting sample sizes are study design, method of sampling, and outcome measures - effect size, standard deviation, study power, and significance level. These are-. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In particular, in studies investigating individuals aged above 45years the daily use of drugs is commonly a factor. A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. The effect of storage time and freeze-thaw cycles on the stability of serum samples. Whilst you don't want to be wasting peoples' time, and should try and avoid doing so, this is not a major ethical issue. This avoids adverse effects of exposure of the samples to room temperature. Policies of Collection Development 2. It consists of a number of observations from which we hope to draw conclusions. Received 2014 Oct 13; Revised 2015 Feb 13; Accepted 2015 Feb 13. The formula to determine the sample size is, n= ({Z/2}/E)2, Where, E= 0.5 inch = 5 and = 1 0.95 = 0.05. for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tbingen, 72076 Tbingen, Germany, 4German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tbingen, Germany. The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders particularly low back pain is significantly high among common informal or small-scale enterprises within developing countries like weaving. Lowered ambient temperature minimizes the metabolic activity of cells and enzymes and keeps the metabolite pattern almost stable. The sample size establishes the power and the impact of the study. We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. An official website of the United States government. Factors that can affect laboratory investigations - Best Tests - bpac liver, kidney, blood) and anatomic place of collection (femoral or cardiac blood). Determining the standard deviation is very important in order to anticipate the variation in the measures while studying. JMIR Human Factors - Factors That Affect Knowledge-Sharing Behaviors in Fig. Fritz CO, Morris PE, Richler JJ. Background: Knowledge management plays a significant role in health care institutions. Where this happens, it raises ethical issues because the picture being built through the research can be excessively narrow, and arguably, unethically narrow. Hence changes in albumin levels may affect the concentration of metabolites. The most common anticoagulants in the clinic are ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), heparin, citrate, and fluoride. You know that carbohydrate free diets (i.e., no breads, pasta, rice, etc.) (Reprint from J Chromatogr A 1298:916, License number 3526350373512). After the separation of cells the stability of metabolites, and hence of the metabolome, can still be affected by the presence of enzymes and many other proteins in serum and plasma. Yang et al. Reprinted with permission from Ref. . Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu JD, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao XH, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM. Effects of pre-analytical processes on blood samples used in What are the factors affecting sample collection? The process used to analyze a predetermined number of observations out of a large population is known as Sample. Analysis of the adult human plasma metabolome. Ross KS, Haites NE, Kelly KF. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error.
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