how did the thirty years' war start

In early 1628, Ferdinand deposed the hereditary Duke of Mecklenburg, and appointed Wallenstein in his place, an act which united all German princes in opposition, regardless of religion. The most successful politique was ________. [156] While the Thirty Years' War certainly ranks as one of the worst of these events, 19th century nationalists often increased or exaggerated its impact to illustrate the dangers of a divided Germany. WebHow did the Thirty Years' War begin? The Spanish quickly crushed the insurrection and restored their rule over all of southern Italy, defeating multiple French expeditionary forces sent to back the rebels. Although Matthias Gallas and the main Imperial army had forced Banr back to the Baltic, in March 1638, Bernard destroyed an Imperial army at Rheinfelden. This applied particularly to the Spanish Road, which allowed them to safely move recruits and supplies from the Kingdom of Naples through Lombardy to their army in Flanders. [134] However, the anti-Habsburg alliance in Northern Italy fell apart when first Charles of Mantua died in September 1637, then Victor Amadeus in October, whose death led to a struggle for control of the Savoyard state between his widow Christine of France and brothers, Thomas and Maurice. By November 1622, the Imperialists controlled most of the Palatinate, apart from Frankenthal, which was held by a small English garrison under Sir Horace Vere. b. Anglican. WebThere were several reasons that the Thirty Years' War started. Cardinal Richelieu The Roman Inquisition was a long conflict between the princes of the German states and the Holy Roman Emperor. The Thirty Years War (16181648) - Climate in Arts and History It began with a c. the Congress of Europe phase of diplomacy began, signaling a desire to end ethno-nationalism. History of Europe - Thirty Years War, Religious Conflict, Peace of Third phase of Thirty Years' War, Gustavus Adolphus king of Lutheran nation and led Protestant forces, smashing victory that turned the course of the war. [171] There were also wide regional variations; some areas in Northwest Germany were relatively peaceful after 1630 and experienced almost no population loss, while those of Mecklenburg, Pomerania and Wrttemberg fell by nearly 50%. Charles I of England allowed Christian to recruit up to 9,000 Scottish mercenaries, but they took time to arrive, and while able to slow Wallenstein's advance were insufficient to stop him. [88], In March 1635, French soldiers entered the Valtellina, cutting the link between Spanish controlled Milan and the Empire. How did [178], Such tactics needed professional soldiers, who could retain formation, reload and fire disciplined salvos while under attack, as well as the use of standardised weapons. Estimates of the total deployed by both sides within Germany range from an average of 80,000 to 100,000 from 1618 to 1626, peaking at 250,000 in 1632 and falling to under 160,000 by 1648. How did the 1911 revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty contribute to the start of the Chinese Civil War? WebWhat sparked the Thirty Years' War? [166] Poor harvests throughout the 1630s and repeated plundering of the same areas led to widespread famine; contemporaries record people eating grass, or too weak to accept alms, while instances of cannibalism were common. The Battle of White Mountain in Bohemia, by Pieter Snayers, 17th century, via all-art.org. WebWhy did the 30 years war start? The conflict eventually engulfed most of Europe, but its start was related to a particular political situation. Not to be confused with Freiberg in Saxony, Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War, Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, "Plague and long-term development: the lasting effects of the 162930 epidemic on the Italian cities", "The Battle of Wittstock 1636: Conflicting Reports on a Swedish Victory in Germany", "The face of war: Trauma analysis of a mass grave from the Battle of Ltzen (1632)", "The Socio-Economic Relations of Warfare and the Military Mortality Crises of the Thirty Years' War", "Real Wages and the Origins of Modern Economic Growth in Germany, 16th to 19th Centuries", "The Long-term Impact of the Thirty Years War: What Grain Price Data Reveal", "Myths of military revolution: European expansion and Eurocentrism", "The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Structure of European Politics", Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirty_Years%27_War&oldid=1164289428, 17th-century military history of the Kingdom of England, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 8 July 2023, at 17:01. Perhaps the best example of their application was the defeat of Tilly's traditionally organised army by the Swedes at Breitenfeld in September 1631. The Kipper- und Wipperzeit, as it was known generally, had a more profound effect on prices in some regions than even the disasters of the war years. The Croats were initially irregular units loosely organized in bands. The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Before Richelieu's ascent to power, most of Europe had become enmeshed in the Thirty Years' War (16181648). The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty WebThe first and third defenestrations helped to trigger a prolonged religious conflict inside Bohemia (the Hussite Wars, 1st defenestration) or beyond (Thirty Years' War, 3rd defenestration), while the second helped establish a religious peace in the country for 31 years (Peace of Kutn Hora, 2nd defenestration). France was a mainly Catholic country and was part of the Holy Roman Empire. WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the Reformation A) The Papacy was suspended for thirty-five years B) Christianity divided into Protestantism and Catholicism C) The Holy Roman Emperor regained all the power that he had once held during the Middle Ages D) The Mongols conquered Europe, Because of the Reformation WebWhat was the Thirty Years War ? Reformation and Wars of Religion AP Euro 30 years war Protestant church building. NIGHT OF OPEN HEAVEN || DAY 46 [100 DAYS FASTING The first regular Croat regiment was established in 1625. Described as the "worst mortality crisis to affect Italy during the Early modern period",[165] it resulted in some 280,000 deaths, with higher estimates of around 1 million. The Thirty Years War began when three representatives of the Holy Roman Empire were thrown out the window of the royal castle in Prague in 1618, sparking a Why did Richelieu join the Protestant side of the war. c. Calvinists were to be tolerated throughout Europe. Click on the play button to start the video. The high mortality rate compared to the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in Britain may partly be due to the reliance of all sides on foreign mercenaries, often unpaid and required to live off the land. Defenestrations of Prague Despite defeat in Bohemia, Frederick's allies included Georg Friedrich of Baden and Christian of Brunswick, while the Dutch provided him with military support after the Eighty Years War restarted in April 1621 and his father-in-law James funded an army of mercenaries under Mansfeld. 5,000 trials and 2,000 executions. AP Euro 30 years war [40], By mid-June 1619, the Bohemian army under Thurn was outside Vienna and although Mansfeld's defeat by Imperial forces at Sablat forced him to return to Prague, Ferdinand's position continued to worsen. Catholic., The Danish mariner Peter von Sivers rose to the position of admiral in the 4. the Thirty Years On 24 October 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the end of the Thirty Years' War. Historian Jeremy Black claims most campaigns were "inconclusive" and almost exclusively concerned with control of territory, rather than focused strategic objectives. [46] Many Protestants supported Ferdinand because they objected to deposing the legally elected king of Bohemia, and now opposed Frederick's removal on the same grounds. Exit Lesson. [184] Many historians argue feeding the troops became an objective in itself, unconnected to diplomatic goals and largely uncontrolled by their central governments. [98] After the French captured Arras in August 1640 and overran Artois, Olivares argued Spain should accept Dutch independence and focus on retaining Flanders. Since rulers like Christian IV of Denmark and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden also held territories within the Empire, this gave them and other foreign powers an excuse to intervene, turning an internal dynastic dispute into a broader European conflict. [138], Throughout the 1630s, tax increases levied to pay for the war led to protests throughout Spanish territories, which in 1640 resulted in simultaneous revolts first in Portugal, then the Principality of Catalonia. D. active guilds and artisans. Maximilian of Bavaria funded a combined Imperial-Catholic League army led by Count Tilly and Charles of Bucquoy, which pacified Upper and Lower Austria and occupied western Bohemia before marching on Prague. The Bohemians were defeated by Tilly at the White Mountain in November 1620; demoralised by shortages and disease, the rebel army disintegrated and Frederick fled Bohemia. While the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs often worked together, their objectives did not always align. The first phase from 1618 until 1635 was primarily a civil war between German members of the Holy Roman Empire, with support from external powers. The Thirty Years War. Known by Dutch historians as the 'Great Design", control of this trade would not only be extremely profitable but also deprive the Spanish of funds needed to finance their war in the Netherlands. [50], At a meeting of the Imperial Diet in February 1623, Ferdinand forced through provisions transferring Frederick's titles, lands, and electoral vote to Maximilian. What caused the Thirty Years' War? When did the Thirty YearsWar start and end? [137] However, it exposed the weakness of Spanish rule in Italy and the alienation of the local elites from Madrid; in 1650, the governor of Milan wrote that as well as widespread dissatisfaction in the south, the only one of the Italian states that could be relied on was the Duchy of Parma. While Denmark kept Schleswig and Holstein until 1864, this effectively ended its reign as the predominant Nordic state. Peace of Westphalia 1618. what two religions were involved in the thirty years war. The Thirty Years War was a major European war that occurred during the 17th century. Attempts to negotiate a peaceful solution failed as the conflict in Germany became part of the wider struggle between France and their Habsburg rivals in Spain and Austria. Causes of the Thirty Years War With Emperor Ferdinand IIs ascension to head of state of the Holy Roman Empire in 1619, religious conflict began to foment. c. Lutheran. These terms did not apply to the hereditary lands of the Habsburg monarchy, such as Lower and Upper Austria. He began negotiations with Wallenstein, who despite his recent victories was concerned by the prospect of Swedish intervention, and thus anxious to make peace. The Roman Inquisition was a gathering of leaders from the Catholic Church who wanted to address Protestantism. Defenestration of Prague;Protestants threw royal officials(Catholics) out of the window; When the Emperor tried to cut out religious [115] Shortly after peace talks restarted in November, Gallas' Imperial army disintegrated and the remnants retreated into Bohemia, where they were scattered by Torstensson at Jankau in March 1645. The combination destabilised large parts of the Empire. [191] Elsewhere, persecution followed Imperial military success, expanding into Baden and the Palatinate following their reconquest by Tilly, then into the Rhineland. He encouraged the Council of Trent to allow Communion WebThe Thirty Years War wasn't the first war caused by this situation. [65], Once again, the methods used to obtain victory explain why the war failed to end. The Thirty Years' War was a complicated event, part civil war and part international war. [113] This severely impacted the Dutch and Swedish economies and in December 1643 the Swedes began the Torstensson War by invading Jutland, with the Dutch providing naval support. Under the direction of the Catholic Church the armies of France were sent across Belgium and the Netherlands to support the Catholic forces of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany. [203], While differences over religion remained an issue throughout the 17th century, it was the last major war in Continental Europe in which it can be said to be a primary driver; later conflicts were either internal, such as the Camisards revolt in South-Western France, or relatively minor like the 1712 Toggenburg War. 3. So the scope of the war was all of Europe, with most of the fighting being in central Germany and northern/western Bohemia. The third son of the archduke Maximilian of [114], In August 1644, the French and Bavarian armies met in the three day Battle of Freiburg, in which both sides suffered heavy casualties but is generally viewed as a narrow Bavarian victory. However, in return, the Habsburg heir Archduke Ferdinand required the immediate restoration of all property taken from the Catholic church since 1555, rather than the previous practice whereby the court ruled case by case. International Politics The 1555 Peace of Augsburg attempted to resolve this by dividing the Empire into Lutheran and Catholic states, but over the next 50 years the expansion of Protestantism beyond these boundaries destabilised the settlement. [36] Absorbed by their war in the Netherlands, his Spanish relatives preferred to avoid antagonising Protestants elsewhere. In May 1618, Protestant nobles led by Count Thurn met in Prague Castle with Ferdinand's two Catholic representatives, Vilem Slavata and Jaroslav Borzita. One of the most famous military events of the 17th century, at one stage it featured no less than three different armies besieging each other. [192] However, the extent to which they were symptomatic of the impact of the conflict on society is debatable, since many took place in areas relatively untouched by the war. WebThe Peace of Westphalia (German: Westflischer Friede, pronounced [vstfl fid] ()) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrck and Mnster.They ended the Thirty Years' War (16181648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous period of European history that the Thirty Years WebThe Thirty Years' War was a conflict primarily fought in Central Europe from 1618 to 1648. The Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the _______. The Origins of the Thirty Years' War - JSTOR Modern Times: The Counter Reformation Quiz Estimates of total military and civilian deaths range from 4.5 to 8 million, mostly from disease or starvation. Weba. War and more. [73], However, Swedish expectations of widespread German support proved unrealistic. Variously known as the 'Great German War,' 'Great War' or 'Great Schism', for 19th and early 20th century German nationalists it showed the dangers of a divided Germany and was used to justify the creation of the German Empire in 1871, as well as the Greater Germanic Reich envisaged by the Nazis. WebThe Thirty Years War and the Peace of Westphalia . Attributed by religious authorities to divine retribution for sin, attempts to identify a supernatural cause led to a series of Witch-hunts, beginning in Franconia in 1626 and quickly spreading to other parts of Germany. [86], By triggering direct French intervention, Nrdlingen expanded the conflict rather than ending it. The term Thirty Years War was already commonplace by 1648 when a twenty-four page pamphlet appeared entitled From the Thirty Years German War. If you can remember these important themes and ideas, you will be ready to answer any question you might have about the Thirty years War on the Direct Cause: The James I of England responded to this attack on his son-in-law by sending naval forces to threaten Spanish possessions in the Americas and the Mediterranean, and announced he would declare war if Spinola had not withdrawn his troops by spring 1621. WebThirty Years' War Cardinal Richelieu by Robert Nanteuil. The idea of a Catholic empire, ruled by one leader and guided by the pope, was over. By the time he died in 1631, over 900 people from all levels of society had been executed. [39], Spanish involvement inevitably drew in the Dutch, and potentially France, although the strongly Catholic Louis XIII of France faced his own Protestant rebels at home and refused to support them elsewhere. Wilson estimates that three soldiers died of disease for every one killed in combat. Similar phrases were repeated in many other publications, even if most communities did not celebrate peace until 1650, the year in which the terms agreed at [r] The Spanish responded with an invasion of Northern France, causing panic in Paris before lack of supplies forced them to retreat. They therefore include factors unrelated to death or disease, such as permanent migration to areas outside the Empire or lower birthrates, a common but less obvious impact of extended warfare. did the Thirty Years He did so with support from the Catholic League, despite strong opposition from Protestant members, as well as the Spanish. The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe 1618-1648. WebThe conflict that historians have chosen to describe as in the Empire after the Habsburgs, Duke Maximilian I the Thirty Years' War cannot be explained by any sin-of Bavaria Lutheran princes battled Huguenot princes for control of German states. It was divided into phases Some commentators argue it began with the, There were nearly 1,800 separate Imperial Estates, of whom only, As well as being brother-in-law to Frederick of the Palatinate, James I was also linked to Christian IV of Denmark, having married his elder sister. Conflict over economic and political objectives frequently superseded religion, with Lutheran Saxony, Denmark-Norway and Sweden[n] competing with each other and Calvinist Brandenburg over the Baltic trade.
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