how was the second pope chosen

A sick cardinal or a cardinal who has to use the lavatory may leave the conclave and later be readmitted; a cardinal who leaves for any reason other than illness may not return to the conclave.[80]. Schism (Three Popes Claim Vicarship of God), The Great Western Nine names are chosen for new scrutineers, infirmarii, and revisers. [1] Moreover, many of the bishops of Rome in the first three centuries of the Christian era are obscure figures. Finally, a strictly limited number of servant staff are permitted for housekeeping and the preparing and serving of meals. ", "Vatican Reveals Recipes for Conclave Smoke", "As se consigue la fumata blanca y la negra", http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm, Conclave A.D. 1963 Election of Pope Paul VI, "Dom Lorenzo Baldisseri recebe solideu cardinalcio", "Annuncio di Concistoro per la Creazione di Nuovi Cardinali", "Electing Popes. Gregory XV issued two bulls that covered the most minute of details relating to the election; the first, in 1621, concerned electoral processes, while the other, in 1622, fixed the ceremonies to be observed. The Antipope John XXIII was elected to replace the deceased Antipope Alexander V in 1410. However, scholar JP Kirsch writes that this decree which is recorded in the Liber is undoubtedly apocryphal, and arbitrarily attributed to the first successor of the Apostle inRome. Photograph by ANDREAS SOLARO, AFP/Getty Images. The same book also mentions Linus death he was allegedly martyred and buried in the Vatican beside St Peter. The Great Western Schism (1378-1417) was the period when three different men all claimed to be the rightful pope. [110] The new pope then emerges onto the balcony to the adulation of the crowd, while a brass band in the forecourt below plays the Pontifical Anthem. I announce to you with great joy;we have a Pope:The most eminent and most reverend Lord,Lord [given name]Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname]who has taken the name [papal name]. Stephen II marks the historical delineation between the Byzantine Papacy and the Frankish Papacy.During Stephen's pontificate, Rome was facing invasion by the Lombards when Stephen II went to Paris to seek . Earth's shifting magnetic poles don't cause climate change, This ancient society tried to stop El Niowith child sacrifice, 3,600-year-old tsunami 'time capsule' discovered in Aegean, The bloody reigns of these Roman kings sparked a revolution, How Oppenheimer guarded WWIIs biggest secret, Step inside an ancient mummification workshop, At long last, the American buffalo has come home. They discuss the needs . As of 2017[update], the three most recent conclaves have elected a Pole (1978), a German (2005), and an Argentinian (2013). [39] The last time canopied thrones were used was during the 1963 conclave. In the 1939 conclave there was some confusion over the smoke color, which was even more apparent in the 1958 conclave. How vulnerable are we? (1996). In 1996, John Paul II's constitution allowed election by absolute majority if deadlock prevailed after thirty-three or thirty-four ballots[3] (thirty-four ballots if a ballot took place on the first afternoon of the conclave). [63], Since the College of Cardinals is a small body, there have been proposals that the electorate should be expanded. The oath is:[75][76]. Pope is considered to be the head of the Catholic Church around the world. He also did not emerge wearing the stole, vesting in it only to impart the apostolic blessing, and removing it shortly after. At some conclaves prior to 1621, the cardinals verbally voted and sometimes stood in groups to facilitate counting the votes cast. Antipope John XXIII - Amazing Bible Timeline with World History If no result is obtained after three vote days of balloting, the process is suspended for a maximum of one day for prayer and an address by the senior cardinal deacon. Obviously, there was rarely a consensus. It was officiala new pope had been chosen. Some have proposed the election of the pope by a special synod of bishops. In both cases, the sermons are meant to lay out the current state of the Church, and to suggest the qualities necessary for a pope to possess in that specific time. Until 2005, the Vatican added natural materials like wet straw (for white) and tarry pitch (for black) to the ballots. The method for selecting the synod members would remain controversial. Pope John II was the first to adopt a new papal name; he felt that his original name, Mercurius, was inappropriate, as it was also the name of a Roman god. [4] Cyprian (died 258) says that Pope Cornelius (in office 251253) was chosen as Bishop of Rome "by the decree of God and of His Church, by the testimony of nearly all the clergy, by the college of aged bishops [sacerdotum], and of good men". He was also struck by a German army truck and by a tram and barely survived these events. Pope John XXIII was 77 when he was elected pope in 1958 and viewed as a transitional figure, but he called the Second Vatican Council that revolutionized the church from within and opened up its . Papal selection before 1059 - Wikipedia The pope was originally the bishop of Rome, a position first held by Saint Peter (one of Jesus 12 disciples), according to the Catholic Church. [18] Beginning with the attempts of Pope John XXIII (19581963) to broaden the representation of nations in the College of Cardinals, that number has increased. With the death of Teodolfo Mertel in 1899, this practice was ended. The scrutiny phase of the election is as follows: The cardinal electors proceed, in order of precedence, to take their completed ballots (which bear only the name of the individual voted for) to the altar, where the scrutineers stand. Our original post, written before Pope Francis was chosen: It's not. The two people voted on, even if cardinal electors, shall not themselves have the right to vote.[7]. Under present procedure, the synod may only meet when called by the pope. Pope Francis has announced he has chosen 21 new cardinals, including prelates from Jerusalem and Hong Kong, places where Catholics are a small minority. [22] Long interregna followed: in 13141316 during the Avignon Papacy, where the original conclaves were dispersed by besieging mercenaries and not reconvened for almost two years;[23] and in 14151417, as a result of the Western Schism. Members of the media scurried to report on the decision and news spread around the world. On the request of Boniface I, Honorius ordered that in future cases, any disputed election would be settled by a fresh election. Pope Linus - Wikipedia Once all votes have been cast, the first scrutineer chosen shakes the container, and the last scrutineer removes and counts the ballots. It's not entirely clear when the practice of burning ballots began, but white smoke as a sign of a new pope only traces to the late 19th or early 20th centuries. 'father') is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example Coptic pope ). The election of the Pope takes place in the Sistine Chapel, in a sequestered meeting called a "Conclave". He reigned for five years until the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund forced him to gather a council in the city of Constance. [67], The congregations must make certain arrangements in respect of the pope's burial, which by tradition takes place within four to six days of the pope's death, leaving time for pilgrims to see the dead pontiff, and occurs within a nine-day period of mourning known as the novemdiales (Latin for 'nine days'). In the past, the protodeacon has himself been elected pope. Pope Stephen II (Latin: Stephanus II; 714 - 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family.Stephen was the bishop of Rome from 26 March 752 to his death. That New Pope Smell: How Popes are Chosen - Everything Everywhere Daily The term pope ( Latin: papa, lit. His successor was Anacletus.. [26] Though this remains the theoretical limit, all of his successors have exceeded it for short periods of time. Your Faith. In such an event, the announcement is made by the next senior deacon, who has thus succeeded as protodeacon. Pope Francis was elected after five votes in the papal conclave on March 13, 2013. Before voting in the morning and again before voting in the afternoon, the electors take an oath to obey the rules of the conclave. [13], As early Christian communities emerged, they elected bishops, chosen by the clergy and laity with the assistance of the bishops of neighbouring dioceses. [9], The process was further refined by Gregory XV with his 1621 bull Aeterni Patris Filius, which established the requirement of a two-thirds majority of cardinal electors to elect a pope. He is the leader of over 1.2 billion Catholics and is revered. John XXIII From these two papal promulgations of 1950, many observers were ready to conclude that in the second half of the 20th century Roman Catholicism would assume an essentially defensive posture in relation to the modern world. [6] A two-thirds supermajority vote is required to elect the new pope. KAPAMILYA DAILY MASS | JULY 13, 2023 - Facebook List of popes - Wikipedia Benedict XVI, first pope to resign in 600 years, dies at 95 - WJHG It is considered poor form to campaign for the position of pope. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Since very early times, an election of the Roman clergy was used to select the Pope. After the newly elected pope accepts his election, the dean asks him about his papal name, saying in Latin: Quo nomine vis vocari? Roman Catholicism - Vatican II, Ecumenism, Liturgy | Britannica The Irish Catholic Newsletter Pope-elect Stephen - Wikipedia The pope is the English word for what the Italians and Spanish call "papa" or the French call "pape". The procedures for the election of the pope developed over almost two millennia. Traditionally, he stands at the door of the Sistine Chapel and calls out: "Extra omnes!" How Is a New Pope Chosen? | USCCB HATTIESBURG, Miss. During post-scrutiny, votes are tabulated, reaffirmed, and then burned. The third scrutiny then commences, and if necessary, a fourth immediately follows. The camerlengo and assistants are responsible, among other things, for maintaining the election's secrecy. Born Giovanni de' Medici in Florence on December 11, 1475, Leo X was the second son of the city's ruler, Lorenzo the Magnificent. [47] Once the electors arrived at a choice, they were required to send a delegation to Constantinople requesting the emperor's consent, which was necessary before the individual elected could take office. How is a Pope elected? (Pope Franciss gift to a grieving photographer.). By 537 the Ostrogothic monarchy had been overthrown, and power passed to the Byzantine emperors. The actor who plays Jesus in the internet series The Chosen met Pope Francis on Wednesday, fulfilling a lifelong dream as he visits Rome this week to view pilgrimage sites related to the Gospels. Four Baseball Players Chosen on Second Day of MLB Draft Theres not much known about St Linus. The candidate was then submitted to the people for their general approval or disapproval. What do those smoke signals mean? In 1970 Paul VI ruled that cardinals who reach the age of eighty before the start of a conclave are ineligible to participate. After study in Paris, he became a monk at Cluny and was made cardinal at Rome in 1116 by Pope Paschal II. 'father'), [2] [3] also known as supreme pontiff ( pontifex maximus or summus pontifex ), Roman pontiff ( Romanus pontifex) or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome ), [4] head of the worldwide Catholic Church, and has also . These rules were followed (so far as is known, given the secrecy of a conclave) in electing Pope Francis in March 2013. Popes have often fine-tuned the rules for the election of their successors: Pope Pius XII's Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis (1945) governed the conclave of 1958, Pope John XXIII's Summi Pontificis electio (1962) that of 1963, Pope Paul VI's Romano Pontifici eligendo (1975) the two conclaves of 1978, John Paul II's Universi Dominici Gregis (1996) that of 2005, and two amendments by Benedict XVI (2007, 2013) that of 2013. Consequently, the college elected Giuseppe Sarto as Pope Pius X, who issued the constitution Commissum nobis six months later, declaring that any cardinal who communicated his government's veto in the future would suffer excommunication latae sententiae. ('Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff?') Tradition holds that Saint Peter was the first . In the past, when the cardinals voted during a conclave, they sat on canopied thrones symbolizing the cardinals' collective governance of the church during the period of sede vacante. The location of the conclaves became fixed in the fourteenth century. Conclaves lasted months and even years. Cardinals are all electors of the next popeand technically all of them are candidates too. [32] His successor, Pope Adrian VI, was the last to be elected (1522) in absentia. After a further seven ballots, there shall be a day of prayer, reflection and dialogue. After the election of Pope Leo XIII in 1878, Protodeacon Prospero Caterini appeared and started to make the announcement but was physically incapable of completing it, so another made it for him.[f]. They range in age, but only cardinals under 80 years old are eligible to vote for the pope. This was to insure that the apparently elected man had not voted for himself. The procedure for electing the Pope has evolved over the history of the Church. Second Reading: (Rom 6:3-4, 8-11) Alleluia: (1 Pt 2:9) "You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation; announce the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light." . Gregory XV added the additional oath, taken when each cardinal casts his ballot, to prevent cardinals wasting time in casting "courtesy votes" and instead narrowing the number of realistic candidates for the papal throne to perhaps only two or three. VATICAN CITY (Reuters) - Pope Francis announced on Sunday that he would induct 21 churchmen to the high rank of cardinal in September. Travel to and from Constantinople caused lengthy delays. The cardinal bishops were to meet first and discuss the candidates before summoning the cardinal priests and cardinal deacons for the actual vote. Pope Francis Meets the Actor Who Plays Jesus in 'The Chosen' Every three days, new cardinal assistants are chosen by lot. Food was supplied through a window to avoid outside contact. This white smoke was the result of burned ballots from a successful vote among the members of the College of Cardinals. The First 10 Popes of the Catholic Church He was the second "pope" to be elected in the city of Pisa. Listers, we've catalogued the first ten Vicars of Christ for the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church. He was also named a cardinal Sunday along with about two dozen religious.. BishopAccountability.org, a U.S. group that maintains an online archive on abuse in . [68], A vacancy in the papal office may also result from a papal resignation. It's also an avenue by which cardinals make their faces and names known to the world. A new life-saving test could help diagnose pre-eclampsia. 1. If any cardinal elector is by reason of infirmity confined to his room, the infirmarii go to their rooms with ballot papers and a box. According to this text, the Linus that is mentioned in 2 Tim 4:21 is the same man who later took on the pontificate after Peter. 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Benedict's death clears path for Pope Francis to retire of - Reuters Papal Conclave: How Pope is elected? - The Unprecedented Cult Prior to the 2013 conclave, this tradition was last followed at the 1958 conclave by the newly elected Pope John XXIII, who bestowed his cardinal's skull cap on Alberto di Jorio and created him a cardinal at the consistory on 15 December of that year. [citation needed], In 1059 the same papal bull that restricted suffrage to the cardinals also recognised the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor (at the time Henry IV), but only as a concession made by the pope, declaring that the Holy Roman Emperor had no authority to intervene in elections except where permitted to do so by papal agreements. Enter a Crossword Clue. Once the election concludes, the cardinal dean summons the secretary of the College of Cardinals and the master of papal liturgical celebrations into the hall. Anacletus (II), original name Pietro Pierleoni, (born, Rome [Italy]died Jan. 25, 1138, Rome), antipope from 1130 to 1138 whose claims to the papacy against Pope Innocent II are still supported by some scholars. Upon the pope's death, either body's proceedings are suspended, to be resumed only upon the order of the new pope.[64]. Like his predecessor, Leo XIII was constitutionally opposed to many of the liberal and . Following the recitation of prayers, the senior cardinal asks if any doubts relating to procedure remain. An enormous crowd gathered in Saint Peter's Square watch as the new pope, Argentina's Jorge Bergoglio, appears on a balcony at St Peter's Basilica on March 13, 2013. Speed in electing a pope was important, and that meant using an oath so as to get the cardinals down to the serious business of electing a new pope and narrowing the number of potentially electable candidates. Popular opinion, both of clergy and worshippers, was used to elect popes until the 11th century. Papal primacy, the concept that the pope is the churchs highest leader, became inextricably linked to the papa in Rome, elevating the bishop of the city over all other bishops. Criteria for candidates, voting regulations, and the need to sequester electors were formalized, only to be altered and adjusted as flaws in the system became clear. Ludwig Von Pastor, History of the Papacy, the Bulls of Gregory XV, Aeterni Patris, and Decet Romanum Pontificem 16211622, Francis Burkle Young, Conclaves in the 15th century; also see Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, a website maintained by Salvador Miranda, via FIU. The need for a two-thirds majority vote began in 1179. [16] A major change came in 1059, when Pope Nicholas II decreed in In Nomine Domini that the cardinals were to elect a candidate to take office after receiving the assent of the clergy and laity. [15][60], Adrian V abolished Gregory X's strict regulations in 1276, but Celestine V, elected in 1294 following a two-year vacancy, restored them. Menachery George "Last Days of Pope John Paul II". He was the oldest pope elected in 275 . The conclave Once all the cardinals have arrived, the conclave begins with a special morning Mass in St. Peter's Basilica. There was no oath taken when actually casting ballots, prior to 1621. Bishops of dioceses were sometimes elected while still catechumens, such as the case of St. Ambrose,[27] who became Bishop of Milan in 374. Selecting a pope - CNN Only three cardinal electors are permitted to communicate with the outside world under grave circumstances, prior to approval of the college, to fulfill their duties: the Major Penitentiary, the cardinal vicar for the Diocese of Rome, and the vicar general for the Vatican City State. Pope Nicholas II issued a decree in 1059 articulating the process by which popes would be elected going forward, outlining the role of cardinal bishops as the electors. What is interesting is that the Pope is the absolute ruler of the Church, as such he has complete control over how his successor is chosen. He then imparts the Urbi et Orbi blessing. It is possible that the earliest Roman bishops were laid alongside St Peter at the foot of Vatican Hill after their death, but theres no known liturgical tradition to prove this. Aeterni Patris Filius prohibited this practice and established two-thirds as the standard needed for election. An unsuccessful ballot, when burned, sends off black smoke. Ludwig Von Pastor, History of the Papacy, Vacantis Apostolicae Sedis, 8 December 1945, Pope Pius XII, Vacante Sede Apostolica, 25 December 1904 Pope Pius X. Menachery George, Vatican Adventure, Election of John Paul II, See for example the image at the article "How new Pope is elected" at Pophap, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Patriarchal elections, De aliquis mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis, De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis, "Election of May 30 November 25, 1277 (Nicholas III)", "The lady was a pope: A bestseller revives the outlandish tale of Joan", "How the Pope is Elected: A Popular Account of the Conclave at Rome", "The Owl, The Cat, And The Investiture Controversy: 1000 1122", "Inside Longest Papal Conclave in History", "Papal Election Procedure: Incarnate History and Faith in a Higher Good", "Cardinal Sodano elected dean of College of Cardinals", "Toward the conclave #1: the office of camerlengo", http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.html, "Pope resigns: The pope who was not afraid to say sorry", The rites for the Conclave begin: The entrance procession of the Cardinal Electors, Cardinals Gather to Mourn Pope, Choose Successor, "At The Vatican, A Social Media Blackout Keeps Cardinals Pure", " De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis", "What Do American Catholics Want in the Next Pope? [72] Cardinal Tom pidlk, a former professor at the Pontifical Oriental Institute and a non-voting member (due to age) of the College of Cardinals, spoke just before the doors were finally closed for the conclave. Pope John Paul II was ordained in 1946, became the bishop of Ombi in 1958, and became the archbishop of Krakow in 1964. This is how Cardinal Borgia was elected pope Alexander VI in 1492. I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected. Formerly, the popes were crowned by the triregnum, or triple tiara, at the papal coronation. [11] As cardinals were not allowed to vote for themselves (after 1621), the ballots were designed to ensure secrecy while at the same time preventing self-voting. A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. The newspaper, published weekly, provides a lively mix of news, analysis and informed commentary about the Church and social issues as they affect Ireland and the wider-world. In the second case, the people of Viterbo in 1271 . The small electorate magnified the significance of each vote and made it all but impossible to displace familial or political allegiances. Observers took this to be a hopeful sign that the wait for a new pope was nearly over. Cardinals were to be secluded in a closed area and not accorded individual rooms. [3], For a significant part of the Church's history, powerful monarchs and governments influenced the choice of its leaders. The Pope ( Latin: Papa, from Greek: , romanized : Pppas, lit. The dean then asks the pope-elect if he assents to the election, saying in Latin: Acceptasne electionem de te canonice factam in Summum Pontificem? [7][8] The last papal conclave occurred in 2013, when Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as Pope Francis, succeeding Benedict XVI. [29] Nicholas II, in the synod of 1059, formally codified existing practice by decreeing that preference was to be given to the clergy of Rome, but leaving the cardinal bishops free to select a cleric from elsewhere if they so decided. Cardinals who arrive after the conclave has begun are admitted nevertheless. In 2013, the Portuguese section of Vatican Radio reported that at the conclusion of the 2013 conclave, the newly elected Pope Francis bestowed his cardinalitial zucchetto on Archbishop Lorenzo Baldisseri, the secretary of that conclave,[103] and on 22 February 2014 at Pope Francis' first consistory, Baldisseri was formally made a cardinal with the title of Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Anselmo all'Aventino.[104]. Mass intention for the souls of my dearly departed love ones and all the souls in purgatory. The feast of St Linus is celebrated on September 23, which is also the date of his death recorded in the Liber Pontificalis. If any cardinal elector is in the chapel, but cannot proceed to the altar due to infirmity, the last scrutineer may go to him and take his ballot after the oath is recited. Up to and including choosing his successor himself. In practice, any cardinal who intends not to accept will explicitly state this before he receives a sufficient number of votes to become pope, as Giovanni Colombo did in October 1978.[99][100]. Photograph by L`Osservatore Romano-Pool, Getty Images. Pope Francis puts stamp on Church future with new cardinals Pope Francis - Age, Quotes & Facts - Biography It reads: After the Holy Apostles (PeterandPaul) had founded and set theChurchin order (inRome) they gave over the exercise of the episcopal office to Linus. An initial vote takes place on the first day. [30] The Council of 1179 rescinded these restrictions on eligibility.
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