who was the first bishop of rome

The Annuario Pontificio, the official directory of the Holy See, describes the office of the pope by the following titles: Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Metropolitan Archbishop of the Province of Rome, Sovereign of . Was Peter Supreme and Infallible? In the story of the calling of the disciples, Jesus addresses Simon Peter with the Greek term (Cephas), a Hellenized form of Aramaic (keepa), which means "rock",[203] a term that before was not used as a proper name: : , .[204]. The New Testament includes two letters (epistles) ascribed to Peter. Then Who WAS the First Bishop of Rome (if not Peter)? [51] In John, the readers are told that it was two disciples of John the Baptist (Andrew and an unnamed disciple) who heard John the Baptist announce Jesus as the "Lamb of God" and then followed Jesus. This is allegedly shown by the fact that the original Septuagint uses the feminine demonstrative pronoun when he says "upon this rock" ( ); whereas, grammatically, if he had been referring to Peter, he would allegedly have used the masculine.[239]. "His mother and mine." She thus appears to have been the mother of an . Immediately after this, they follow him (Luke 5:411). [35] First Corinthians suggests that perhaps Peter visited the city of Corinth, located in Greece, during their missions.[109]. catholicism - Is there any evidence to support the claim that the 1 Corinthians 9:5[42] has also been taken to imply that he was married. [168], At that time in history, the ancient city of Babylon was no longer of any importance. Peter was considered along with James the Just and John the Apostle as the three Pillars of the Church. In Mark 1:16, Galatians is accepted as authentic by almost all scholars. Only Luke and John mention a fire by which Peter was warming himself among other people: according to Luke, Peter was "sitting"; according to John, he was "standing". It would have been surprising if the Roman church hadnt taken on a leading role it was, after all, the political center of the Roman empire. Though Peter be a rock, yet he is not a rock as Christ is. [53] The washing of feet is often repeated in the service of worship on Maundy Thursday by some Christian denominations. The dates of his tenure are uncertain, but one source states he became pope in 189 and gives the year of his death as 199. Before Pope John XXIII's revision in 1960, the Roman Calendar also included on 18 January another feast of the Chair of Saint Peter (denominated the Chair of Saint Peter in Rome, while the February feast was then called that of the Chair of Saint Peter at Antioch), and on 1 August the feast of Saint Peter in Chains. ", and he will eventually deny Jesus three times. And having composed the Gospel he gave it to those who had requested it.[122]. Byzantium and western Europe remained long on the defensive against Islamic pressures, which extended to the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711, Sicily in 902, and Anatolia in the 11th century. Why wasnt the wider Christian community centered on Jerusalem, Antioch, Athens, or other major cities closer to where Christianity got its start? [36] He was named Simon, the son of a man named Jonah or John. Although principally the bishop of Rome, he is much more than just first among equals, he is also the living symbol of the unity of Christianity. 10:4 in describing Jesus Christ, which reads: "They all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them, and that rock was Christ. [261] However New Testament scholar Bart D. Ehrman in his 2011 book Forged states that "scholars now widely recognize that when the author indicates that he wrote the book 'through Silvanus', he is indicating not the name of his secretary, but the person who was carrying his letter to the recipients. Eusebius of Caesarea, in his ", Historians debate whether the Roman government distinguished between Christians and Jews prior to Nerva's modification of the, Jobes, Karen H. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: 1 Peter (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2005), 718; Kruger, Michael J. He also uses the Greek word for "and", kai. "[128], Catholic tradition holds that Peter's inverted crucifixion occurred in the gardens of Nero, with the burial in Saint Peter's tomb nearby. Modern scholarship, however, holds that Rome did not yet have a single ruling bishop at this time, and the Roman church had not yet emerged as . Taken together, these external and internal arguments strongly suggest the traditional view, viz., that Peter was indeed the author of the second epistle which bears his name. The Epistula Petri, the introductory letter ascribed to the Apostle Peter that appears at the beginning of at least one version of the, Pheme Perkins, First and Second Peter, James, and Jude, 16, Watson E. Mills, Mercer Commentary on the New Testament, 1340, Carol L. Meyers, Toni Craven, Ross Shepard Kraemer, By Mary Beard, John A. [274] In traditional iconography, Peter has been shown very consistently since early Christian art as an oldish, thick-set man with a "slightly combative" face and a short beard, and usually white hair, sometimes balding. Francis | Biography & Facts | Britannica Peter is always listed first among the Twelve Apostles in the Gospels[73] and in the Book of Acts. The writings of the 1st century Church Father Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35 c. 107) refer to Peter and Paul giving admonitions to the Romans, indicating Peter's presence in Rome. [note 9][173][174] Currently, most Catholic scholars,[175] and many scholars in general,[176] hold the view that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero. This by itself proves Peter wasn't there. ', "Paul, St" Cross, F. L., ed. Early Catholic Latin and Greek writers (such as St. John Chrysostom) considered the "foundation rock" as applying to both Peter personally and his confession of faith (or the faith of his confession) symbolically, as well as seeing Christ's promise to apply more generally to his twelve apostles and the Church at large. First Peter[114] says the author is in "Babylon", which has been held to be a coded reference to Rome. L. Michael White suggests that there was a serious division between Peter's Jewish Christian party and Paul's Hellenizing party, seen in e.g. Like other bishops, however, the bishops of Rome benefited from the idea of traditio (Latin: tradition), which stated that the authority of the Apostles had been passed down to the Christian higher clergy. In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, Clovis ( c. 466-511), the warrior-leader of one of the groups of peoples collectively known as the Franks, established a strong independent monarchy in what are now the northern part of France and the southwestern part of Belgium. Carson who claim that there is no distinction between the words petros and petra in Koine Greek. Victor is best known for his role in the Easter controversy, in which he attempted unsuccessfully to require that all Christians celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus on Sunday, rather than in relation to the Jewish calculation of Passover. First of all, there were probably several house churches in Rome before Peter arrived there, each with its own leader. (Kphas) -- 9 Occurrences", "On Becoming a Pebble: The Name God Gave Simon", "Did Jesus really say he would build his church on Peter? [22], The precise meaning of the Aramaic word is disputed, some saying that its usual meaning is "rock" or "crag", others saying that it means rather "stone" and, particularly in its application by Jesus to Simon, like a "jewel", but most scholars agree that as a proper name it denotes a rough or tough character. E.g., Strabo wrote, "The greater part of Babylon is so deserted that one would not hesitate to say the Great City is a great desert."[169]. God accepted him and made him the foundation of the Church and called him Kepha. Through jealousy and envy the greatest and most just pillars of the Church were persecuted, and came even unto death. [70][71] Because Peter was the first to whom Jesus appeared, the leadership of Peter forms the basis of the Apostolic succession and the institutional power of orthodoxy, as the heirs of Peter,[72] and he is described as "the rock" on which the church will be built.[68]. A mimro of Efrem found in Holy Week Liturgy points to the importance of Peter. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/was-peter-the-first-pope-250646. For of one thing he took especial care, not to omit anything he had heard, and not to put anything fictional into the statements.[266]. Augustine of Hippo says in his Sermon 295: "One day is assigned for the celebration of the martyrdom of the two apostles. Some historians argue against the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome, noting that the episcopal see in Rome can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century. ", The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. But the Bible says he was never there. (1 Pet 5:13)"[163], If the reference is to Rome, it is the only biblical reference to Peter being there. [238] The church recognizes Apostle Peter's leadership role in the early church, especially in the very early days at Jerusalem, but does not consider him to have had any "princely" role over his fellow Apostles. [267], Based on these quotes, and on the Christian tradition, the information in Mark's gospel about Peter would be based on eyewitness material. Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great - Wikipedia 725 likes, 2 comments - Spiritual Warriors (@spiritualwarriorscouture) on Instagram: "Today is the Feast Day of the Chair of Saint Peter Today we honor Christ . Pope | Definition, Title, List of Popes, & Facts | Britannica Bam! He is also mentioned, under either the name Peter or Cephas, in Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians and the Epistle to the Galatians. "[246], According to an old Jewish tradition, Simon Peter joined the early Christians at the decision of the rabbis. By that time, it was accepted as "fact" that Peter had been the first Bishop of Rome and that he had been martyred there. In the Roman Rite, the feast of the Chair of Saint Peter is celebrated on 22 February, and the anniversary of the dedication of the two Papal Basilicas of Saint Peter's and Saint Paul outside the Walls is held on 18 November. [160][161][162] Early Church tradition reports that Peter wrote from Rome. It contains little information about Peter himself, except that after the discovery of the empty tomb, "I, Simon Peter, and Andrew my brother, took our fishing nets and went to the sea."[273]. 2 64-68 / 76-79 St Linus LINVS: 10 AD Volterrae, Italia, Roman Empire: 54-58 / 66-69 First Roman pope. Some scholars argue that theological differences imply different sources, and point to the lack of references to 2Peter among the early Church Fathers. James and "[128], In the early 4th century, the Emperor Constantine I decided to honour Peter with a large basilica. James the brother of Jesus and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. [48] It is there, in the area of Caesarea Philippi, that he receives from Jesus the name Cephas (Aramaic Kepha), or Peter (Greek Petros). [8] Nevertheless, Evangelicals and Catholics have always affirmed Peter's authorship, and recently, a growing number of scholars have revived the claim of Petrine authorship of these epistles. Despite this, he was said to remain a practicing Jew, and is ascribed with the authorship of the Nishmas prayer. Soter having succeeded Anicetus, Eleutherius does now, in the twelfth place from the apostles, hold the inheritance of the episcopate. 2.3 3. [276] More than many medieval attributes, this continued to be depicted in the Renaissance and afterwards. [135] Tradition also locates his burial place where the Basilica of Saint Peter was later built, directly beneath the Basilica's high altar. [19], He was later given by Jesus the name Cephas, from the Aramaic , Kepha, 'rock/stone'. 3247. The New Testament also includes two general epistles, First Peter and Second Peter, that are traditionally attributed to him, but modern scholarship generally rejects the Petrine authorship of both. John. [111], The Catholic Church speaks of the pope, the bishop of Rome, as the successor of Saint Peter. [125], Lactantius, in his book called Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died, written around 318, noted that "and while Nero reigned, the Apostle Peter came to Rome, and, through the power of God committed unto him, wrought certain miracles, and, by turning many to the true religion, built up a faithful and stedfast temple unto the Lord. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a major saint and as the founder of the Church of Antioch and the Church of Rome,[1] but they differ in their attitudes regarding the authority of his successors. Linus Lleyn "The Martyr" ap Caradoc, Pope, 1st Bishop of Rome (45 - d [150], According to a letter quoted by Bede, Pope Vitalian sent a cross containing filings said to be from Peter's chains to the queen of Oswy, Anglo-Saxon King of Northumbria in 665, as well as unspecified relics of the saint to the king. "[128], An apocryphal work, the Actus Vercellenses (7th century), a Latin text preserved in only one manuscript copy published widely in translation under the title Acts of Peter, sets Peter's confrontation with Simon Magus in Rome. However, he later states, "Although a very strong case has been made against Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, we believe it is deficient. [120][121], Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 c. 215) states that "Peter had preached the Word publicly at Rome (A.D. Peter and Paul), then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate. All available evidence points to the existence not of a monoepiscopal structure but instead to committees of elders (presbyteroi) or overseers (episkopoi). Besides the bishopricof the Roman Diocese, certain other dignities are held by the pope as well as the supreme and universal pastorate: he is Archbishopof the RomanProvince, Primateof Italyand the adjacent islands, and sole Patriarchof the Western Church. ", Simon Peter answers, "You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God." Pope Victor I - Wikipedia According to Catholic tradition, Saint Linus (d. c. 67 - 80) was the second bishop of Rome, succeeding the first " pope ," Saint Peter, after Peter's martyrdom. [35], Peter was a Jewish fisherman in Bethsaida (John 1:44). https://www.learnreligions.com/was-peter-the-first-pope-250646 (accessed July 13, 2023). Peter What did Augustine's The City of God present? For him Kepha is in fact another name of Jesus, and Simon was given the right to share the name. AJJ Loyola Chapter 11 Flashcards | Quizlet According to Catholic teaching, Jesus promised Peter a special position in the Church. [241], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that Peter was the first leader of the early Christian church after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. If you read his first letter, you will see that he did not teach a Roman hierarchy, but that all Christians are royal priests. [8][164], Most Biblical scholars[165][166] believe that "Babylon" is a metaphor for the pagan Roman Empire at the time it persecuted Christians, before the Edict of Milan in 313: perhaps specifically referencing some aspect of Rome's rule (brutality, greed, paganism). For instance: Similarly, historians of various backgrounds also offer differing interpretations of the Apostle's presence in Rome. Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 29 June. A forensic examination found them to be a male of about 61 years of age from the 1st century. 1977. The Catholic Church's recognition of Peter as head of its church on earth (with Christ being its heavenly head) is based on its interpretation of passages from the canonical gospels of the New Testament, as well as sacred tradition. It was Leo who began officially using the title pope (Latin papa "father"), though it was originally used by many other bishops besides him. The Roman historian Tacitus and the biographer Suetonius do both record that Nero persecuted Christians, and Tacitus dates this to immediately after the fire that burned Rome in 64. [167] It "is the Roman imperial world, which in turn represents the world alienated from God". Christians of different theological backgrounds are in disagreement as to the exact significance of Peter's ministry. Also in Catholic belief, Peter was, as the first Bishop of Rome, the first Pope. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Pope - NEW ADVENT In the Bah Faith "the primacy of Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, is upheld and defended. The apocryphal Acts of Peter (2nd cent.) Sixteen held that Christ is the rock. John P. Meier: Petrine Ministry in the New Testament and in the Early Patristic Traditions. The Apostle Peter in Rome - Biblical Archaeology Society "[231] Cullmann concludes that while Peter was the original head of the apostles, Peter was not the founder of any visible church succession. [74] Along with James the Elder and John he formed an informal triumvirate within the Twelve Apostles. [35], There is no obvious biblical evidence that Peter was ever in Rome, but the first epistle of Peter does mention that "The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, saluteth you; and so doth Marcus my son. Bishop Eusebius (280-340 AD) in his "History of the Church" that Linus, Anacletus, Clement were the first, second, and third Bishops of Rome. eds.) According to the Epistle to the Galatians (2:11), Peter went to Antioch where Paul rebuked him for following the conservative line regarding the conversion of Gentiles, having meals separate from Gentiles. Simon Peter was twice arraigned, with John, before the Sanhedrin and directly defied them (Acts 4:722,[59] Acts 5:1842). Daniel B. Wallace (who maintains that Peter was the author) writes that, for many scholars, "the issue of authorship is already settled, at least negatively: the apostle Peter did not write this letter" and that "the vast bulk of NT scholars adopts this perspective without much discussion". 2005. Was Peter the First Bishop of Rome? - JSTOR The New Testament is not seen by the Orthodox as supporting any extraordinary authority for Peter with regard to faith or morals. "[252] Bahs understand Peter's station as The Rock upon which the church of God would be founded to mean that Peter's belief in Christ as the Son of the living God would serve as the foundation for Christianity, and that upon this belief would the foundation of the church of God, understood as the Law of God, be established. According to Arthur Drews and G. A. [240], The New Apostolic Church, which believes in the re-established Apostle ministry, sees Peter as the first Chief Apostle. [94] The early Church historian Eusebius (c. AD 325) records Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 190) as saying: For they say that Peter and James (the Greater) and John after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose James the Just bishop of Jerusalem.[95]. Bishop | Definition, History, & Role | Britannica Again he wrote in his commentary on Deuteronomy that Moses brought forth water from "rock" (Kepha) for the people and Jesus sent Simon Kepha to carry his teachings among nations. Rudolf Pesch: Simon Petrus. A common view of Peter is provided by Jesuit Father Daniel J. Harrington, who suggests that Peter was an unlikely symbol of stability. Peter and Paul. : How Can the Petrine Ministry be a Service to the Unity of the Universal Church? Catholics claim Peter as the first pope because he served as Bishop of Rome. By the time of Leo the Great 400 years later the Bishops of Rome were the most powerful figures in western Christianity. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with kai, the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. [177][178][179][180][181][note 10] According to two extensive studies published by the German philologist Otto Zwierlein[de] in 2009[183] and 2013 respectively,[184] "there is not a single piece of reliable literary evidence (and no archaeological evidence either) that Peter ever was in Rome. We behold you wandering distraught in the wilderness of error. History of Europe - Bishops of Rome, Papal Power, Catholic Church (A.D. [140] In his work Scorpiace 15, he also speaks of Peter's crucifixion: "The budding faith Nero first made bloody in Rome. How the Papacy Originated in Rome - Learn Religions St. Peter the Apostle - Disciple, Rome, Martyr | Britannica They assert that Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun taute, which allegedly means "this very" or "this same", when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. Are we to turn about and all listen to her? The Catholic Church speaks of the pope, the bishop of Rome, as the successor of Saint Peter. New York: Oxford University Press. [25], Catholic theologian Rudolf Pesch argues that the Aramaic word would mean "precious stone" to designate a distinguishing person. In the earlier centuries of Christianity, the title "Pope", meaning "father", had been used by all bishops. [11], Sources suggest that at first, the terms episcopos and presbyteros were used interchangeably,[12] with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another.
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