no affiliation specification) for the four different criteria. Only the first 15 sheets are pre-viewable, please download the file to see the complete database. World Report provides a public means to track international research activities and partnered investments, increase awareness of funding opportunities and share results with the broader research and funding community. Even if assessing the countries biomedical publications based on the first author provides slightly different information from an assessment based on all authors, we expect that the patterns presented in this paper will not substantially change even if the new settings of PubMed were to be used. Where necessary, modifications and estimates are made to ensure the comprehensiveness and consistency of the data across countries and years. The NIH invests most of its $45 billion budget 1 in medical research for the American people. B) The hESC/ESC Scores were calculated by dividing the numbers of publications (reviews excluded) with human embryonic stem cells in the title/abstract field by the numbers of publications (reviews excluded) with embryonic stem cells in the title/abstract field in the 5-year period 20082012 and multiplying by 10,000. The International Compilation of Human Research Standards is a listing of over 1,000 standards on human subjects protections in 131 countries and from many international organizations. The numbers represent publications per 1,000 people and were obtained by dividing the number of publications (reviews excluded) by the country populations and multiplying by 1,000. For this reason, as suggested by the referee, we have changed the term throughout the manuscript. Global Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening Market Report 2023: Historical Of almost 3,000 articles published in biomedical research in 2009, 1,169, or 40%, came from the United States. Other sources for country-specific policies are referenced in the Results section. Meanwhile, countries like Japan and China saw a surge in investment from the non-public sector. China and India, in descending order, were the ones with the lowest. Canada and the United States report Attraction Scores that are apparently higher than their policies would intuitively suggest. However, this can only be done in the future, once that enough literature will be archived under the new settings (as of now, still not every currently published paper can be retrieved with the affiliation of all authors).". The data refer to time periods 1993-1997, 1998-2002, 2003-2007, 2008-2012 or the single year 2012. The only substantial differences between the four different criteria were for China (with a relative standard deviation equal to 13.7%) and France (with a relative standard deviation equal to 7.1%). We agree with the referee that the term correlation analysis can create confusion. The United Kingdom was the next largest source of NME development (10.4%). Number of clinical trials by year, country, region and income group We have measured the numbers of publications during different time periods based on the country of affiliation of the first authors. Answer (1 of 6): It's the US. Finally, the 'correlation analysis' referred to in this study is not an actual correlation analysis (which is a statistical term). What are the top, countries for medical research? and transmitted securely. Seventh, though PubMed is a search engine that is based on authoritative and comprehensive databases, it might not retrieve some publications. 10 countries with highest medical research spending10 Most Advanced Countries in MedicineBrazil medical research spendingChina medical research spendingchina r&d spending 2015countries with highest medical research spendingFrance medical research spendingGermany medical research spendingglobal r&d spending 2015highest medical research spendingIndia medical research spendingJapan medical research spendinglist of countries by research and development spending 2017List XFinancemedical research funding by countryr&d expenditure by country 2016r&d expenditure in Indiaresearch and development expenditure (% of GDP)research and development spending by countryresearch and development spending by industryRussia medical research spendingSlideshowSouth Korea medical research spendingThe United Kingdom medical research spendingThe United States medical research spendingthe USA medical research spendingtop 10 countries in science researchUK medical research spendingUS medical research spendingwhich country leads the world in research and development spendingShow moreShow less, 8 Safest, Most-Trusted Ethereum Wallets of 2017, 5 Easiest Liquors to Make at Home with Fruit, Yeast and Sugar, 25 Easiest Liberal Arts Colleges to Get Into, 7 Best Liquors and Drinks to Drink Straight for a Newbie, 10 Countries with the Lowest White Population Percentage in the World, 7 Easiest Mixed Drinks to Make with Vodka, 7 Easiest Jewelry Store Credit Cards to Get, 7 Easiest Languages to Learn for Spanish Speakers. This is also suggested by the very similar patterns of publications in the years 20082012, 2013 (the last year with the old settings) and 2014 (the first year with the new settings) ( A lock ( Given that the first author ordinarily either matches the corresponding author or has the same affiliation country of the corresponding author and that the first author (even when she/he is not the corresponding author) frequently plays a prominent role in the project design or execution, this approach has the advantage of classifying papers based on the effective location of the main ideation and execution of research projects. Household medical waste is often improperly disposed of in several countries, despite the presence of a collection mechanism. The proportions are expressed as percentages in the 5-year periods 20032007 and 20082012. Ontarios MaRS Regenerative Medicine 2009 Industry Briefing report, Canadian Asset Map for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine. Research - World Health Organization (WHO) Blood donation is a safe and simple procedure that can help save lives. This score is the ratio between the number of publications on human embryonic stem cells and the number of publications on embryonic stem cells (searches for these key words were, as usual, in the Title/Abstract field). In a study in the New England Journal, researchers found the U.S. comprised 51% of world research spent, at $131 billion in 2007. The data refer to time periods 1993-1997, 1998-2002, 2003-2007, 2008-2012 or the single year 2012. The authors additionally allocated scores to quantify focal areas of interest and examined thepotential use of these scores byexploring the relationship between Attraction Score and research policy on hESCs. Even if assessing the countries biomedical publications based on the first author provides slightly different information from an assessment based on all authors, we expect that the patterns presented in this paper will not substantially change even if the new settings of PubMed were to be used. Having said this, we think that given the comprehensiveness and breadth of the PubMed system, the results presented in this paper are a We have also created the Attraction Scores. Important initiatives aimed at improving medical research. Though PubMed search engine and MEDLINE database had been previously used to assess the quantity of research publications of countries The Attraction Score for ES cells of the highest ranking country (South Korea) was 4.6 times the Attraction Score of the lowest ranking country (India). The proportions were determined by dividing the sum of the numbers of publications (reviews excluded) in all the countries where English is the primary language by the sums of the numbers of publications (reviews excluded) in all countries of the world. Figure 19 (sheet 18) reports the Topic Attraction Scores for induced pluripotent stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells of the 12 countries with the most publications in the time period 20082012. PubMed is not the only search engine to be evaluated. Learn about this pregnancy-related high blood pressure disorder. Similarly, the affiliation of the first author provides partial information on the contribution of each country to the publication. National Institutes of Health (NIH) | Turning Discovery Into Health Over 84 percent 2 of NIH's funding is awarded for extramural research, largely through almost 50,000 competitive grants to more than 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 universities, medical schools, and other research . These are the 10 best countries for life sciences research Bacteria found in 74 kitchens spread among 5 European countries were mostly harmless according to new research published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, a journal of the American . Therefore, the method used in this paper cannot be used for papers published in 2014 or after. 6, Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. In the time period 20082012, the proportion of papers with a country name in the affiliation is 87.8% and 97.7% by using criteria A and criteria B, respectively ( The Research & Innovation Performance of the G20, Knowledge, networks and nations Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. By analyzing the relationship between the Attraction Scores for human embryonic stem cells and the regulatory policies, we propose an example of how these Attraction Scores could be used to assess the research impact of regulatory policies. http://www.battelle.org/docs/tpp/2014_global_rd_funding_forecast.pdf). There are other valuable sources such as ISI, Embase and Scopus which may change the results of the study. In addition to the standard criteria discussed so far (criteria A), we also conducted searches using various levels of stringency to criteria A. ( Yet, the reality has been different. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. This pace fell sharply within the following decade, where. The numbers represent the numbers of publications (reviews excluded) per 1,000 people by continent in the 5-year period 20082012. This methodology quantifies the research output by determining the numbers of publications or ratios between numbers of publications and other variables. Wicker Amendment and President Bushs a ban on federal funding for research on certain stem cells. Furthermore, even if some researchers have multiple affiliations, it is plausible that in many cases the multiple affiliations of a single researcher are from the same country; in addition, the single affiliation listed in PubMed, being the one usually more involved in the execution of the research project that led to that specific publication, is most likely the one that better serves our analytical purposes. To this end, we inserted in quotes the chosen research areas or topics of interest (for example, public health or personalized medicine) in the Title/Abstract field in the Advanced section of PubMed. In order to determine the proportion of publications that are clinical trial studies, a proxy for the level of attractiveness towards clinical trial investigations, we created the Clinical Trial Attraction Score, defined as the ratio of clinical trial publications to the general publications multiplied by 10,000 (to make these scores comparable to the Topic Attraction Scores, see below). U.S. research and development expenditure (% of GDP) on medical research grew at a median annual rate of 6 % between 1994 and 2004. I would recommend reading the paper to all medical scientists in the world. 10, Thanks to the ability to attribute a paper to various countries, we present data of publication output by country and supranational regions. All reports are available for download in Adobe PDF and excel when applicable. per capita, respectively. People with serious medical conditions from around the world would be grateful to live in one ofthe10 most advanced countries in medicine. America was divided into North-Central America and South America. We used both criteria A and criteria B for this analysis. International outsourcing of medical research by high-income countries In same cases we have substituted it with the term connection while in other cases we have replaced it with the term relationship. We determined the number of total world publications (obtained without searching any country name in the Affiliation field, see Methods section) for the time periods 19931997, 19982002, 20032007, and 20082012. Germany BIO Ventures examines global cancer research funding using World Report, Global cancer research investments are not reaching Africa - How the African Access Initiative is changing the trend, Building an evidence base to advocate for TB research, World Report data aids entrepreneurship in Africa, World RePORT: a database for mapping biomedical research funding, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale (INSERM), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Figure 16). 19 worried that [a]lthough direct, quantitative effects are difficult to demonstrate, it seems reasonable that these regulatory delays have presented serious challenges to Japanese researchers working, or seeking to work, in these fields, and ultimately impeded progress and competitiveness. For this reason, we believe that they better represent the real attraction of certain types of studies or certain topics of research to scientists. Figure S25). Figure 3, the data were obtained from 2013 searches. In developing countries, poverty, endemic diseases, and a low level of investment in health care systems influence both the ease of . We have added a paragraph in the Discussion section to address the comments about the limitations of using the first author as a criterion to assess countries biomedical publications. "Medicine is of all the Arts the most noble," wrote the Ancient Greek physician. The proportions are expressed as percentages. Research for health We determined the number of world publications based on clinical trial studies (obtained without searching any country name in the Affiliation field, see Methods section), for the time periods 19931997, 19982002, 20032007, and 20082012. Get our editors daily picks straight in your inbox! In Figure 4 (sheet 4), we show a pie chart with the 25 countries with the most publications, including a "slice" representing the rest of the world (representing 10.0% of the total publications). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. We would like to thank Professor Youngim Jung for taking the time to read the paper and provide their helpful feedback. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3827/#pubmedhelp.Affiliation_AD). Among the 15 largest publication producers, countries with compound annual growth rates above the world average were Russia (10%), Iran (9%), India (9%), China (8%), and Brazil (5%); those with the lower growth rates were Japan (-1%), France (-0.3%), the United States (1%), the UK (1%), and Germany (1%). We noticed only minor differences in the numbers. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Figure S14B). Here are the 2023-2024 Best Medical Schools: Research. All authors affiliation or at least first and corresponding authors affiliations are better replacement in the future studies. This report is interesting, providing a detailed analysis with a graphical representation of data that facilitates a smooth understanding of the study's conclusions. Research funding, by the personal sector, has conjointly shifted to later stage development and far from basic science. Figure 11) (sheet 10) in the time period 20082012. 10 Countries with Highest Medical Research Spending (April 2022) This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms and as per latest data available.