[82] She accepts Shiva's incandescent seed from the fire-god Agni, which is too hot for this world and cools it in her waters. Major left-bank tributaries include the Gomti River, Ghaghara River, Gandaki River and Kosi River; major right-bank tributaries include the Yamuna River, Son River, Punpun and Damodar. [65] Despite this, nothing is more stirring for a Hindu than a dip in the actual river, which is thought to remit sins, especially at one of the famous tirthas such as Varanasi, Gangotri, Haridwar, or the Triveni Sangam at Allahabad. The Ghaghara (Karnali), with its average annual flow of about 2,991m3/s (105,600cuft/s), is the largest tributary of the Ganges by discharge. The location of the confluences of the Padma and the Jamuna is Goalanda, Rajbari, and the confluences of the . The 2020 Monsoon Floods in Bangladesh had the longest duration since 1998 and affected 37% of the country. [154], Along with ever-increasing pollution, water shortages are getting noticeably worse. This barrage, which feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a 42km (26mi) long feeder canal, and its water flow management has been a long-lingering source of dispute with Bangladesh. The Ganges river follows a 900km (560mi) arching course passing through the cities of Kannauj, Farukhabad, and Kanpur. Their numbers have now dwindled to a quarter of their numbers of fifteen years before, and they have become extinct in the Ganges' main tributaries. [22][23], Although many small streams comprise the headwaters of the Ganges, the six longest and their five confluences are considered sacred. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system is the second largest river on earth by discharge.[11][12]. The CPMA 2nd Virtual Conference. The flowing of dirty water through drains and sewers were not adequately diverted. Subject: Letter of transmittal. ), The purna kumbha or full pot of water is the second most discernible element of the Ganga iconography. [e], Varanasi, a city of one million people that many pilgrims visit to take a "holy dip" in the Ganges, releases around 200million liters of untreated human sewage into the river each day, leading to large concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria. Bhagirathi is called the Ganges after Devprayag. [33] Its defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when, as a part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, it began a northeastwards driftlasting fifty million yearsacross the then unformed Indian Ocean. [20][122], The Ganges basin is home to about 30 fish species that are listed as threatened with the primary issues being overfishing (sometimes illegal), pollution, water abstraction, siltation and invasive species. Today only about 3% of the ecoregion is under natural forest and only one large block, south of Varanasi, remains. Continental breakfast is provided. [122] Some of the fish commonly caught in fisheries include catla (Catla catla), golden mahseer (Tor putitora), tor mahseer (Tor tor), rohu (Labeo rohita), walking catfish (Clarias batrachus), pangas catfish (Pangasius pangasius), goonch catfish (Bagarius), snakeheads (Channa), bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus) and milkfish (Chanos chanos). The Jamuna meets the Ganges at goalandaghat, and together down the confluence takes the name of the padma and joins the Meghna at chandpur. [78] Unlike other goddesses, she has no destructive or fearsome aspect, destructive though she might be as a river in nature. The enthusiasm, however, proved to be short-lived. [64], The Ganges is the embodiment of all sacred waters in Hindu mythology. [117], The natural forest of the upper Gangetic Plain has been so thoroughly eliminated it is difficult to assign a natural vegetation type with certainty. 350290 BCE). Brahmaputra River - Wikipedia Now this river, which at its source is 30stadia broad, flows from north to south, and empties its waters into the ocean forming the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai, a nation which possesses a vast force of the largest-sized elephants." [43] The Ganges basin, including the delta but not the Brahmaputra or Meghna basins, is about 1,080,000km2 (420,000sqmi), of which 861,000km2 (332,000sqmi) is in India (about 80%), 140,000km2 (54,000sqmi) in Nepal (13%), 46,000km2 (18,000sqmi) in Bangladesh (4%), and 33,000km2 (13,000sqmi) in China (3%). History For other uses, see, Map of the combined drainage basins of the Ganges (yellow), Brahmaputra (violet) and Meghna (green), Toggle Religious and cultural significance subsection, Toggle Ecology and environment subsection, Toggle Pollution and environmental concerns subsection, The IPCC report is based on a non-peer-reviewed work by the World Wildlife Federation. [70] The Gangashtakam expresses this longing fervently:[70], O Mother! Necklace adorning the worlds!Banner rising to heaven!I ask that I may leave of this body on your banks,Drinking your water, rolling in your waves,Remembering your name, bestowing my gaze upon you. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts, "Pachauri calls Indian govt. One plan is for another barrage to be built in Bangladesh at Pangsha, west of Dhaka. At their confluence the Yamuna is larger than the Ganges contributing about 58.5% of the combined flow,[25] with an average flow of 2,948m3/s (104,100cuft/s).[24]. The aim of this research is to monitor the channel migration of the Padma and the Jamuna rivers since 1977 to 2004 using remote sensing and GIS. Now known as the Western Yamuna Canal, it has fallen into disrepair and been restored several times. Pratihara, 10th century, now in National Museum, New Delhi, Early in ancient Indian culture, the river Ganges was associated with fecundity, its redeeming waters, and its rich silt providing sustenance to all who lived along its banks. [117], A similar situation is found in the lower Gangetic Plain, which includes the lower Brahmaputra River. [112], Tourism is another related activity. [67] Those who cannot journey to the river, however, can achieve the same results by bathing in any nearby body of water, which, for the true believer, takes on all the attributes of the Ganges. Along with his beloved, Jagannatha sits at the top of the flight of steps leading to the water at the famous Panchganga Ghat in Varanasi. The rivers Padma and Jamuna meet at the south-eastern end of Pabna Aminpur Thana. However, after the Agra famine of 183738, during which the East India Company's administration spent Rs. In 1839, the Governor General of India, Lord Auckland, with the Court's assent, granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal. [42] The seasonality of flow is so acute it can cause both drought and floods. What India does with its water will be a test of whether that combination is possible. This barrage would help Bangladesh better utilize its share of the waters of the Ganges. Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), an advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of Maurya Empire, included the destruction of dams and levees as a strategy during the war. There are over forty protected areas in the ecoregion, but over half of these are less than 100 square kilometres (39sqmi). Some called naga sanyasis, may not wear any clothes. and provides continuing education hours, industry intelligence, and networking. The Ganges is a lifeline to millions of people who live in its basin and depend on it for their daily needs. The Tibetan Plateau contains the world's third-largest store of ice. Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) planned to reclaim 1600 square kilometres land by narrowing down the width of the Jamuna and Padma rivers. The reopened canal became a model for the Upper Ganges Canal and all following canal projects. [122], The main sections of the Ganges River are home to the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), and the Ganges delta is home to the saltwater crocodile (C. porosus). Jul 3, 2023 Now with over 60 active women members, the Forest Safety Committee she founded supervise the jungle in the morning, afternoon and evening, in three shifts. [125], The river's most famed faunal member is the freshwater Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica),[117] which has been declared India's national aquatic animal. [citation needed], The discharge of the Ganges also differs by source. Only in 1844, when a new Governor-General, Lord Hardinge, was appointed, did official enthusiasm and funds return to the Ganges canal project. Having no compensating virtue, Vahika's soul is at once dispatched to hell. [90] By the 7th century it had become an established feature, as seen, for example, in the Dashavatara temple, Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (7th century), the Trimurti temple, Badoli, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, and at the Lakshmaneshwar temple, Kharod, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh,[90] (9th or 10th century), and seen very clearly in frame 3 above and less clearly in the remaining frames. 70billion, approximately US$1.5billion) is needed to clean up the river. [127], The Ganges river dolphin is one of only five true freshwater dolphins in the world. [79] As such, her worship does not require the usual rites of invocation (avahana) at the beginning and dismissal (visarjana) at the end, required in the worship of other gods. Padma Meghna Jamuna: Directed by Chashi Nazrul Islam. Bansagar Dam was built on the Sone River, a tributary of the Ganges for both irrigation and hydroelectric power generation. [79], The Ganga is also the mother, the Ganga Mata (mata="mother") of Hindu worship and culture, accepting all and forgiving all. [17] It is worshipped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. [33] The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountain ranges. [70] It is for this reason that the story of the avatarana is told at Shraddha ceremonies for the deceased in Hinduism, and Ganges water is used in Vedic rituals after death. 5 crores to Sugar Mill also, a fine of 25 Lakhs to Gopaljee Dairy for discharging untreated effluents into the Simbhaoli drain. About 84% of the total rainfall occurs in the monsoon from June to September. Although she has provided sustenance to millions, she has also brought hardship, injury, and death by causing major floods along her banks. Then the 1,156km (718mi) long Ghaghara River (Karnali River), also flowing south from the Himalayas of Tibet through Nepal joins. By the time of his return to India even more supportive men were at the helm, both in the North-Western Provinces, with James Thomason as Lt. Bangladesh is a riverine, flood prone country and, the Padma and the Jamuna are two of major three rivers in the country. [81], Ganga is the shakti or the moving, restless, rolling energy in the form of which the otherwise recluse and unapproachable Shiva appears on earth. A 560km (350mi) long canal, with another 480km (300mi) of branch lines, eventually stretched between the headworks in Haridwar, splitting into two branches below Aligarh, and its two confluences with the Yamuna (Jumna in map) mainstem in Etawah and the Ganges in Kanpur (Cawnpore in map). [66] "The Ganga", he wrote in his will, "is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her racial memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. Figure 1 also shows the Padma, the Jamuna and the Meghna riv- ers in a world context. Often in such reliefs, the makara's tail is extended with great flourish into a scrolling design symbolizing both vegetation and water. [122], The Ganges basin supports major fisheries, but these have declined in recent decades. Although the intervening impasse had seemingly affected Cautley's health and required him to return to Britain in 1845 for recuperation, his European sojourn gave him an opportunity to study contemporary hydraulic works in the United Kingdom and Italy. [46] The other peaks over 8,000m in the basin are Kangchenjunga,[47] Lhotse,[48] Makalu,[49] Cho Oyu,[50] Dhaulagiri,[51] Manaslu,[52] Annapurna[53] and Shishapangma. Brahmaputra-Jamuna River System - Banglapedia - ONE Bank Ltd. River Channel Migration: a Remote Sensing and Gis Analysis [91], In her earliest depictions at temple entrances, the goddess Ganga appeared standing beneath the overhanging branch of a tree, as seen as well in the Udayagiri caves. Along the way between Allahabad and Malda, West Bengal, the Ganges river passes the towns of Chunar, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Ara, Patna, Chapra, Hajipur, Mokama, Begusarai, Munger, Sahibganj, Rajmahal, Bhagalpur, Ballia, Buxar, Simaria, Sultanganj, and Farakka. The terms of the agreement are complicated, but in essence, they state that if the Ganges flow at Farakka was less than 2,000m3/s (71,000cuft/s) then India and Bangladesh would each receive 50% of the water, with each receiving at least 1,000m3/s (35,000cuft/s) for alternating ten-day periods. [38], The maximum peak discharge of the Ganges, as recorded at Hardinge Bridge in Bangladesh, exceeded 70,000m3/s (2,500,000cuft/s). [73] Every sesame seed in every ball thus offered, according to one story, assures a thousand years of heavenly salvation for each relative. The failure of the Ganga Action Plan has also been variously attributed to "environmental planning without proper understanding of the human-environment interactions",[d] Indian "traditions and beliefs",[k] "corruption and a lack of technical knowledge"[c] and "lack of support from religious authorities". The fourth figure is a male guardian. The public of the areas was not taken into consideration. [101] The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin has a huge hydroelectric potential, on the order of 200,000 to 250,000 megawatts, nearly half of which could easily be harnessed. Location of the Padma (Ganges), the Jamuna and the - ResearchGate [118] The Sundarbans mangroves (Heritiera fomes) also grow in the Sundarbans area of the Ganges Delta. [67] In the Vedic version, Indra, the Lord of Swarga (Heaven) slays the celestial serpent, Vritra, releasing the celestial liquid, soma, or the nectar of the gods which then plunges to the earth and waters it with sustenance. Morphological changes in this area have resulted in severe erosion along the banks. [96][97] Thousands of holy men and women attend, and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this. 1998 ). Between the 12th and 16th centuries, the Bhagirathi-Hooghly and Padma channels were more or less equally significant. [69], As the Ganges had descended from heaven to earth, she is also considered the vehicle of ascent, from earth to heaven. [72], Hindus also perform pinda pradana, a rite for the dead, in which balls of rice and sesame seed are offered to the Ganges while the names of the deceased relatives are recited. 10billion, around US$226million, or less than 4 cents per person per year,[142] were spent on the Ganga Action Plan,[19] an environmental initiative that was "the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world". [65] The symbolic and religious importance of the Ganges is one of the few things that Hindus, even their skeptics, have agreed upon.
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