As Lebanon's poorest community, Shiites lacked an initial organization of their own and therefore lent their numbers to a wide variety of parties and organizations. Fatah and other Palestinian Liberation Organization factions had long been active among the 400,000 Palestinian refugees in Lebanese camps. Lebanese Muslims pushed the government to join the newly created United Arab Republic, a country formed out of the unification of Syria and Egypt, while the majority of Lebanese and especially the Maronites wanted to keep Lebanon as an independent nation with its own independent parliament. Their initial goal was to be a bulwark against PLO raids and attacks into the Galilee, although they later focused on fighting Hezbollah. The 1978 South Lebanon conflict (codenamed Operation Litani by Israel) began after Israel invaded southern Lebanon up to the Litani River in March 1978, in response to the Coastal Road massacre near Tel Aviv by Lebanon -based Palestinian militants. South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000) - Infogalactic: the planetary [61] Arafat refused to condemn these attacks on the grounds that the cease-fire was only relevant to Lebanon. Profile: Lebanon's Hezbollah movement - BBC News The soldier planned to go on vacation and to fly to the world final soccer cup (mondial), he and his capturers share the. Lesser roles were played by the fractious Palestinian Liberation Front (PLF) and another split-off from the PFLP, the Syrian-aligned Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP-GC). When the Israeli cabinet convened to authorize the invasion, Sharon described it as a plan to advance 40kilometers into Lebanon, demolish PLO strongholds, and establish an expanded security zone that would put northern Israel out of range of PLO rockets. On 17 May 1983, Lebanon's Amine Gemayel, Israel, and the United States signed an agreement[91] on Israeli withdrawal conditioned on the departure of Syrian troops, reportedly after the US and Israel exerted severe pressure on Gemayel. Islamists did not support a secular order in Lebanon and wished to bring about rule by Muslim clerics. [100] The violence quickly escalated with extensive artillery exchanges. The LNM dissolved after the Israeli invasion of 1982 and was replaced by the Lebanese National Resistance Front, known as Jammoul in Arabic. 2006 Lebanon War - Wikipedia In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon in response to a spate of attacks carried out from Lebanese territory by Palestinian militants, triggering the 1982 Lebanon War. [99], On 8 August 1985 a summit was held in Damascus with President Amin Gemayel, Prime Minister Rachid Karami and Syrian President Hafez Assad attempting to end the fighting between Christian and Druze militias. While he seems to have had significant Maronite support for this, he was still perceived as a sectarian leader among others by the Muslim population, who distrusted his agenda. Under the leadership of the Jumblatt family, first Kamal Jumblatt (the LNM leader) and then his son Walid, the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) ( , al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) served as an effective Druze militia, building excellent ties to the Soviet Union mainly, and with Syria upon the withdrawal of Israel to the south of the country. Lebanon was thus divided between a Maronite military government in East Beirut and a civilian government in West Beirut. Thus the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM), led by George Habash and later to become the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and a faction of the PLO, were deployed to Lebanon by Nasser. When the war officially started in 1975, Palestinian armed manpower numbered roughly 21,000, divided into:[29]. In August 1981, defense minister Ariel Sharon began to draw up plans to attack PLO military infrastructure in West Beirut, where PLO headquarters and command bunkers were located.[76]. The following day the Israeli Air Force shot down two Syrian helicopters near Zahleh. When they arrived they created "a State within the State". The blast came. The Safra massacre, known as the Day of the Long Knives, occurred in the coastal town Safra (north of Beirut) on 7 July 1980, as part of Bashir Gemayel's effort to consolidate all the Maronite fighters under his leadership in the Lebanese Forces. During 19751977, 60,000 people were killed.[58]. ", "Crocker: Iran is pushing for the 'Lebanonization' of Iraq", "The Road to Peace: Paintings in Times of War, 19751991", "Face of War Pervades New Beirut Art Center", The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians, Lebanese civil war from 13 April 1975 to 13 October 1990 & War on Lebanon 2006 Full of pictures, The Lebanese civil war and the Taef agreement, A 15-episode documentary about the Lebanese Civil War, 19751990, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Civil_War&oldid=1165215725, Multiple massacres of Christians occur in the, The Lebanese army, who controlled Beirut since the Israeli withdrawal, were accused of partisanship with the Lebanese forces, mass arrests, etc. South Lebanon conflict may refer to: 1978 South Lebanon conflict; South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000) 2006 Lebanon War This page was last edited on 30 December 2019, at 04:30 (UTC). Early on Friday, there were two or three explosions around the Rashidieh Palestinian refugee camp, 5km (3 miles . Another notable example was the pan-Syrian Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), which promoted the concept of Greater Syria, in contrast to Pan-Arab or Lebanese nationalism. Saad, as a union representative (and not the mayor of Sidon at the time as many erroneous sources claim), was offered a place on the company's board too. South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000) | Military Wiki | Fandom [105], Major combat returned to Beirut in 1987, when Palestinians, leftists, and Druze fighters allied against Amal, eventually drawing further Syrian intervention. The Phalange militia came to the president's aid instead to bring a final end to the road blockades which were crippling the major cities. It resulted in an estimated 120,000 fatalities[5] and an exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon. Bachir Gemayel was elected president on 23 August. [23] This funding enabled the newly formed Lebanese Forces militia to establish itself in Maronite-dominated strongholds, and rapidly transformed from an unorganized and poorly equipped militia into a fearsome armed group that now had its own armor, artillery, commando units (SADM), a small Navy, and a highly advanced Intelligence branch. In early April clashes escalated around the town and the Syrian Army imposed a siege. Israel honors Southern Lebanese Army soldiers with monument, prayer [94][95] On 18 January 1984, American University of Beirut President Malcolm H. Kerr was murdered. Middle East International No 101, 8 June 1979; pp. 23. Sidon atrocity, Middle East International No 149, 8 May 1981; John Bulloch pp. The PLO mainstream was represented by Arafat's powerful Fatah, which waged guerrilla warfare but did not have a strong core ideology, except the claim to seek the liberation of Palestine. This followed an agreement reached in Damascus between Lebanese President lias Sarkis and United Nations officials on the deployment of Lebanese army soldiers into areas where UNIFIL forces where stationed. Another effect of the massacres was to bring in Yassir Arafat's well-armed Fatah and thereby the Palestine Liberation Organisation on the side of the LNM, as Palestinian sentiment was by now completely hostile to the Maronite forces. This ragtag coalition has often been referred to as left-wing, but many participants were actually very conservative and had religious elements that did not share any broader ideological agenda; rather, they were brought together by the short-term goal of overthrowing the established political order, each motivated by their own grievances. [54] On 1 June 1976, 12,000 regular Syrian troops entered Lebanon and began conducting operations against Palestinian and leftist militias. Militarily, this war did not achieve its goal, and instead caused considerable damage to East Beirut and provoked massive emigration among the Christian population. South Lebanon conflict (1985-2000) - Wikipedia The state tried to suppress the demonstrators, and a sniper reportedly killed a popular figure in the city, the former Mayor of Sidon, Maarouf Saad. Israel did not intervene. [citation needed] People in Galilee regularly had to leave their homes during these shellings. The February 6 uprising in West Beirut or the February 6 Intifada, was a battle where the parties of West Beirut, led by the Amal Movement, decisively defeated the Lebanese Army. Increasingly, Lebanon's officials and politicians raise the specter of internal conflict. Clashes re-erupted in December 1989 in Iqlim al-Tuffah, in which more than 3,500 Amal and Palestinian fighters clashed with 2,000 Hezbollah fighters in the region. Violent confrontations flared up again in Shiite areas between Amal and Hezbollah in 1988. Savoy Hotel Attack Kfar Yuval hostage crisis Coastal Road massacre 1978 South Lebanon conflict 1979 Nahariya attack Misgav Am hostage crisis 1982 Lebanon War International incidents Dawson's Field hijackings Munich massacre Operation Wrath of God 1972 raid 1973 raid Sabena Flight 571 hijacking Attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum As well as fighting between Amal and Hezbollah and continued resistance to Israeli occupation and Israeli reprisal raids. Sadr adamantly opposed the in-fighting and criticized the neglect of Shiite areas by the government and traditional Shiite leaderships. On 8 March 1989 Aoun started the blockade of illegal ports of Muslim militias, and this touched off bloody exchanges of artillery fire that lasted for half a year. The following day another car bomb exploded in Tripoli. Two competing Ba'ath movements were involved in the early stages of the war: a nationalist one known as "pro-Iraqi" headed by Abdul-Majeed Al-Rafei (Sunni) and Nicola Y. Ferzli (Greek Orthodox Christian), and a Marxist one known as "pro-Syrian" headed by Assem Qanso (Shiite). The Progressive Socialist Party's territory was the "Civil Administration of the Mountain," commonly known as the Jebel-el-Druze (a name which had formerly been used for a Druze state in Syria). Two Syrian soldiers were also killed when their truck and a civilian car were destroyed. The Armenian Dashnak militia defeated the Kataeb attacks and retained control. [48], The Lebanese Alawites, followers of a sect of Shia Islam, were represented by the 1,000-strong Red Knights Militia of the Arab Democratic Party, which was pro-Syrian due to the Alawites being dominant in Syria, and mainly acted in Northern Lebanon around Tripoli.[49]. This was during the Cold War and Chamoun has often been called pro-Western, though he had signed several trade deals with the Soviet Union (see Gendzier). The small Druze sect, strategically and dangerously seated on the Chouf in central Lebanon, had no natural allies, and so were compelled to put much effort into building alliances. [114], In the 15years of strife, there were at least 3,641 car bombs, which left 4,386 people dead and thousands more injured. List of wars involving Lebanon - Wikipedia Some reports stated that the attack was in response to a request from Bashir Gemayel in order to relieve the Syrian pressure on the Phalangists in Zahleh. South Lebanon conflict - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Begin publicly acknowledged that Israel had an alliance with Bashir Gemayels Phalange militia and would intervene if the Syrian Army attacked them. The PLO did this with the assistance of so-called volunteers from Libya and Algeria shipped in through the ports it controlled, as well as a number of Sunni Lebanese groups who had been trained and armed by PLO/ Fatah and encouraged to declare themselves as separate militias. On 22 January 1976, Syrian President Hafez al-Assad brokered a truce between the two sides, while covertly beginning to move Syrian troops into Lebanon under the guise of the Palestine Liberation Army in order to bring the PLO back under Syrian influence and prevent the disintegration of Lebanon. By 15 June 1982, Israeli units were entrenched outside Beirut. The Cold War had a powerful disintegrative effect on Lebanon, which was closely linked to the political polarization that preceded the 1958 Lebanese crisis, since Christians sided with the Western world while leftist, Muslim, and pan-Arabist groups sided with Soviet-aligned Arab countries.[9]. Lebanon: Specter of civil conflict looms as economic meltdown - CNN Contemporary political alliances in Lebanon reflect the alliances of the Civil War as well as contemporary geopolitics. The Taif Agreement of 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the fighting. 67. [62], Between June and August 1979 the IDF increased its artillery bombardments and air strikes on targets in Southern Lebanon resulting in the killing of around forty people and a mass exodus of civilians. Farid Khazen, sourcing the local histories of Sidon academics and eyewitnesses, gives a run-down of the puzzling events of the day that based on their research. Many SLA soldiers fled to Israel, while others were captured in Lebanon and prosecuted for collaboration with Israel and treason. A few Islamist ones emerged at later stages of the war, such as the Tawhid Movement that took its base in Tripoli, and the Jama'a Islamiyya, which gave a Lebanese expression of the Muslim Brotherhood in terms of political orientations and practice. Two days later 2 car bombs went off in a Druze and a Shi'ite district of Beirut. Still, there existed a number of non-religious groups, primarily but not exclusively of the left and/or Pan-Arab right. [72] In Israel the missiles became a political issue. However, Israel reported that some 2,000 PLO militants were hiding in Palestinian refugee camps on the outskirts of Beirut. This action was not welcomed by the Lebanese government and this shook Lebanon's fragile sectarian climate. Jansen p. 4, 1983 United States embassy bombing in Beirut, Syrian occupation of northern and eastern Lebanon, Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Lebanon Region, Learn how and when to remove this template message, defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (19081922), United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, List of militias in the Lebanese Civil War, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command, Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Lebanon, Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide, Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia. [42][31] Support for Leftist and Palestinian groups declined, and many Shiites moved their support to their communal parties. The agreement also provided for the deployment of a multinational force composed of U.S. Marines along with French, Italian and British units. On 15 January 1986 the pro-Syrian leader of the Lebanese Forces, Elie Hobeika, was overthrown. It was opposed by President Amin Gemayel and the Phalangist Party. Aoun claimed in 1990 that the United States "has sold Lebanon to Syria".[110]. PSP armed members were accused of several massacres that took place during that war. Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa forbidding attacks on Syrian forces.[106]. (from 1980, mainly IRGC and Army paramilitary units), UNIFIL (from 1978)Multinational Force in Lebanon (19821984), Bachir Gemayel Amine Gemayel William Hawi Elie Hobeika Samir GeageaEtienne Saqr Georges Adwan Saad Haddad # Antoine Lahad Menachem Begin Ariel Sharon Rafael Eitan Avigdor Ben-Gal, Kamal Jumblatt Walid Jumblatt Inaam Raad Abdallah Saadeh Assem Qanso George Hawi Elias Atallah Muhsin Ibrahim Ibrahim Kulaylat Ali Eid Yasser Arafat George Habash Hagop Hagopian Monte Melkonian, The diversity of the Lebanese population played a notable role in the lead-up to and during the conflict: Sunni Muslims and Christians comprised the majority in the coastal cities; Shia Muslims were primarily based in the south and the Beqaa Valley in the east; and Druze and Christians populated the country's mountainous areas. The agreement, which was reached in early March, was rejected by Haddad. After the Syrian military imposed peace on Lebanon in 1990, Hezbollah continued its guerrilla war in South Lebanon, but also began to play an active role in Lebanese politics. South Lebanon: The War That Never Ends?
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