Bilateral Economic Relations. [3] The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar etymologies, ultimately meaning "land of the blacks" or similar meanings, in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants. Most of these species are shared, at least in their origin, with the continent of Australia, which was until fairly recent geological times, part of the same landmass. Corrections? The first European claim occurred in 1828, when the Netherlands formally claimed the western half of the island as part of the Dutch East Indies. Whatever the origin of the name Papua, it came to be associated with this area, and more especially with Halmahera, which was known to the Portuguese by this name during the era of their colonization in this part of the world. Nueva Guinea (Spanish pronunciation: [nwea inea]) is a town and a municipality in the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region of Nicaragua.. Nueva Guinea was founded in the 1960s and saw significant growth in the early 1970s as the US Peace Corps helped to move families from the Pacific region of Nicaragua to Nueva Guinea in exchange for free land and agricultural help. Although the rest of the Dutch East Indies achieved independence as Indonesia on December 27, 1949, the Netherlands regained control of western New Guinea and attempted to claim and gain West Papua as part of its nationhood. [52] When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. In 2020, an international study conducted by a team of 99 experts cataloged 13,634 species representing 1,742 genera and 264 families of vascular plants for New Guinea and its associated islands (Aru Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Louisiade Archipelago), making it the world's most floristically diverse island, surpassing Madagascar (11,488), Borneo (11,165), Java (4,598), and the Philippines (9,432).[33]. This includes 302,400 Pfizer doses. Several pidgins, such as Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu, are widely spoken. With human occupation dating back about 40,000 years, New Guinea has a wide range of cultural and linguistic diversity. [56][57], There has been significant reported resistance to Indonesian integration and occupation,[58] both through civil disobedience (such as publicly raising the Morning Star flag) and via the formation of the Organisasi Papua Merdeka (OPM, or Free Papua Movement) in 1965. At the beginning of 2003, Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri announced the division of the province into three parts (West Irian Jaya, Central Irian Jaya and Irian Jaya), while the name "Papua" for the province would again revert to Irian. The Netherlands held on to western New Guinea longer than the rest of Indonesia, turning the area over in 1960. On 1 October 1962, after some military interventions and negotiations, the Dutch handed over the territory to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority, until 1 May 1963, when Indonesia took control. Another major habitat feature are the vast southern and northern lowlands. About 40,000 years ago 3 , a primitive boat with a group of humans landed on New Guinea for the first time. Provinces ( Papua New Guinea ): Central, Simbu, Eastern Highlands, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Hela, Jiwaka, Madang, Morobe, Oro, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West Sepik, Milne Bay, National Capital District. Many of these rivers have broad areas of meander and result in large areas of lakes and freshwater swamps, with a few grassy plains in the lower areas around the rivers. Prior to the early 1930s, most European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests; that area was only first "discovered" in 1933. Contributed by. Notable battles were for Port Moresby ( the naval battle is known as the Battle of the Coral Sea), Milne Bay and for the Kakoda track. The Australian territories became collectively known as The Territories of Papua and New Guinea (until February 1942 when invaded by Japanese forces). "The team also dated features consistent with the planting, digging, and tethering of plants and localized drainage systems to 10,000 years ago. The administration of British New Guinea was passed to Australia in 1904, and its name was changed to the Territory of Papua. Its lower section is navigable, but its upper flow is high-falling, fast-flowing. [3] Expedition by Sultan of Tidore, with Sahmardan, Sangaji of Patani and Gurabesi managed to conquer some areas in New Guinea which was then reorganised to Korano Ngaruha (lit. Butterflies are the best known invertebrate group, and are represented in New Guinea by about 735 species, which is about 4.2 percent of the world total of 17,500 species. Elections began taking place in 1959 and the New Guinea Council took office on April 5, 1961. Population: ~ 16,000,000. [60] Reports published by TRT World and De Gruyter Oldenbourg have put the number of killed Papuans since the start of the conflict at roughly 500,000. [64] Critics argue that the Indonesian government has been reluctant to establish or issue various government implementing regulations so that the legal provisions of special autonomy could be put into practice, and as a result special autonomy in Papua has "failed". The rivers of the island are extremely rich in water due to the annual rainfall of 2,00010,000 mm. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 2000, Irian Jaya was formally renamed "The Province of Papua" and a Law on Special Autonomy was passed in 2001. Mounds constructed to plant water-intolerant plants such as bananas, sugarcane, and yams are dated to about 6,500 years ago." Complex mulches, crop rotations and tillages are used in rotation on terraces with complex irrigation systems. Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. This map was created by a user. Description: This map shows where Papua New Guinea is located on the World map. Papua New Guinea - Google My Maps New Guinea people | WWF New Guinea has 578 species of breeding birds, of which 324 species are endemic. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when Richard Archbold discovered the Grand Valley of the Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in orderly villages. Minima ethnographica: Intersubjectivity and the anthropological project. Top goods exports to Papua New Guinea included machinery, electric machinery, and aircraft and aircraft parts. Stretching for hundreds of kilometres, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. Definitions and Notes Geography Location Oceania, group of islands including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia Frans Kaisiepo, the committee leader, suggested the name from Mansren Koreri myths, Iri-an from the Biak language of Biak Island, meaning "hot land" referring to the local hot climate, but also from Iryan which means heated process as a metaphor for a land that is entering a new era. The term Papuan languages refers to an areal grouping, rather than a linguistic one, since so-called Papuan languages comprise hundreds of different languages, most of which are not related.[29]. Islands and Archipelagos The main Pacific Islands span the Equator obliquely from northwest to southeast and can be divided into two major physiographic regions by island type: continental and oceanic. It is located in the Near Oceania, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of Australia, and west of the . [3] However, Westerners, beginning with Spanish explorer Yigo Ortiz de Retez in 1545, used the name New Guinea, referring to the similarities of the features of the indigenous peoples to those of native Africans of the Guinea region of the continent. On May 1, 1963, Indonesia took control and the West Papuan Council was disbanded. On 16September 1975, Australia granted full independence to Papua New Guinea. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a warm humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the northeast monsoon season. The forests prove timber for export while the sea provides tuna and prawns. New Guinea was possibly occupied as early as 50,000 years ago. Papuans often gave vital assistance to the Allies, fighting alongside Australian troops, and carrying equipment and injured men across New Guinea. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodent genera,[25] there are no pre-human indigenous placental mammals. The tree line is around 4,000m (13,100ft) elevation, and the tallest peaks contain equatorial glacierswhich have been retreating since at least 1936. Europeans have long called this peak the Carstenz Pyramid, or Mount Carstenz, after the Dutch navigator who first sighted it on a rare clear day. Area: 303,381 sq mi (785,753 sq km). As of 2020, the Western portion of New Guinea, Papua and West Papua, accounts for 54% of the island's primary forest and about 51% of the island's total tree cover, according to satellite data. ", Report claims secret genocide in Indonesia University of Sydney, "31 people have been killed in West Papua. New Guinea has 284 species and six orders of mammals: monotremes, three orders of marsupials, rodents and bats; 195 of the mammal species (69%) are endemic. Dutch colonial authority built Fort Du Bus an administrative and trading post established near Lobo, Triton Bay, but by 1835 had been abandoned. Even with these expeditions the numbers of global and New Guinea invertebrate species are poorly known, and thus an accurate comparison is difficult. In 1969 Indonesia, under the 1962 New York Agreement, was required to organize a plebiscite to seek the consent of the Papuans for Indonesian rule. Pop. Typical Southern Hemisphere flora include the conifers Podocarpus and the rainforest emergents Araucaria and Agathis, as well as tree ferns and several species of Eucalyptus. New Guinea, island of the eastern Malay Archipelago, in the western Pacific Ocean, north of Australia. base at Wau, located in the malarious Bulolo Valley about 150 miles west-northwest of Buna. Fly and Strickland together form the largest river in New Guinea. In more recent millennia another wave of people arrived on the shores of New Guinea. The highlands are home to 40 percent of the population. Papua New Guinea was granted independence within the British Commonwealth in 1975. Western agronomists still do not understand all of the practices, and it has been noted that native gardeners are as, or even more, successful than most scientific farmers in raising certain crops. This article is about the island. Which Countries Share the Island of New Guinea? - WorldAtlas In the central highlands above 3,300 feet, stands of oak, beech, and pine are common. In more recent millennia, another wave of people arrived on the shores of New Guinea. One of them was James Ross. [43][44], while 'Sran' had been identified as region of Kowiai, just south of Onin peninsula. The origin of most New Guinea fauna is closely linked to Australia. A unique feature of New Guinea permaculture is the silviculture of Casuarina oligodon, a tall, sturdy native ironwood tree, suited to use for timber and fuel, with root nodules that fix nitrogen, and copious leaf litter provides a source of mulching material. Following Tidore's subjugation as Dutch tributary, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of Dutch East Indies.[46]. From archaeological, linguistic and biological evidence, it is thought that these first visitors, the Papuans, are the oldest human residents of New Guinea. The German New Guinea Company took over administration of the northeast quadrant in the same year. (Nantucket HA) Among the residents of New Guinea in the 19th century, were at least three who had been born in Africa. [6] However Sollewijn Gelpke in 1993 considered this is unlikely as it had been used earlier, he suggested it comes from the Biak phrase sup i babwa, which means "the land below [the sunset]", and refers to the Raja Ampat Islands. (2010) Papua and West Papua provinces including nearby islands, 3,593,803; (2011) Papua New Guinea excluding islands, 6,178,781. The known population of New Guinea is approximately 6.9 million people. New Guinea is differentiated from its drier, flatter,[22] and less fertile[23][24] southern counterpart, Australia, by its much higher rainfall and its active volcanic geology. New Guinea is the second largest island in the world. Another major deposit of copper has been developed just inside Papua New Guinea among the headwaters of the Fly River at Ok Tedi. With strong public protest by Papuans, only the province of West Irian Jaya was split from Papua Province. Also about 600 species of reef-building coralthe latter equal to 75 percent of the world's known total. These first inhabitants, from whom the Papuan people are probably descended, developed one of the earliest known agricultures. Population: 7.1 million. New Guinea is a large island located north of Australia, and south-east of Asia. These peoples had made the sea-crossing from the islands of Wallacea and Sundaland (the present Malay Archipelago) by at least 40,000 years ago. The name Papua has also been long-associated with the island. Tariku comes from the west to the east and Taritatu from the east. The Official Website of Papua New Guinea Tourism - Travel & Tour It is named after one of the ships of the English Royal Fleet, which first sailed into the mouth of the river in 1845. The northern lowlands are drained principally by the Mamberamo River and its tributaries on the western side, and by the Sepik on the eastern side. At this time, a number species existed on both land masses, and many plants and animals thus crossed from Australia to New Guinea and vice versa. Singapore: Periplus Editions. [47] The first map showing the whole island (as an island) was published in 1600[citation needed] and shows it as 'Nova Guinea'. Papua New Guinea - Country Profile - Nations Online Project [53] A 1930 expedition led by the prospector Michael Lehay also encountered an indigenous group in the highlands. Celebrate Papua New Guinea's 47th Independence Day Anniversary with this travel bucket-list. In 1606, Lus Vaz de Torres explored the southern coast of New Guinea from Milne Bay to the Gulf of Papua including Orangerie Bay, which he named Baha de San Lorenzo. During World War I, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became the Territory of New Guinea, to be administered by Australia under a League of Nations mandate. The ancestral Austronesian peoples are believed to have arrived considerably later, approximately 3,500 years ago, bringing the Southeastern Asia cultural traditions, as part of a gradual seafaring migration from Southeast Asia, possibly originating in eastern China. When Portuguese and Spanish explorers arrived on the islands via the Spice Islands, they also referred to the islands as Papua. Although no land connection with Asia was ever formed, the proximity between the landmasses, via the many small islands of the Indonesian archipelago, allowed some Asian species to migrate to New Guinea. A high percentage of New Guinea's species are endemic, and thousands are still unknown to Western science: probably well over 200,000 species of insect, between 11,000 to 20,000 plant species; over 700 resident bird species, including most species of birds of paradise and bowerbirds, parrots, and cassowaries, 454 of which are only found in New Guinea; over 400 amphibians; 455 butterfly species, including the world's largest butterly - the Queen Alexandra Birdwing found in the Oro Province; marsupials including Bondegezou, Goodfellow's Tree-kangaroo, Huon Tree-kangaroo, Doria's Tree Kangaroo, Long-beaked Echidna, Tenkile, Agile Wallaby, Alpine Wallaby, cuscuses and possums; and various other mammal species. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Several pidgins, such as Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu, are widely spoken; Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) and English (the official language of Papua New Guinea) are also spoken. University of Chicago Press, 1998, p. 109, Jackson, Michael. In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation of New Ireland, the British colony of Queensland annexed south-eastern New Guinea. N.C.D.C. MAP OF PORT MORESBY - Google My Maps The tide of the sea can have an effect of up to 300 kilometers. Little is known about New Guinea. New Guinea Map - Oceania - Mapcarta They later used this name only to refer to islands off the north coast of Papua proper, the Schouten Islands or Biak Island. Papua New Guinea | Culture, Facts & Travel | - CountryReports The first map showing the whole island (as an island) was published in 1600 and shows it as "Nova Guinea.". Many of the islands, as well as the northern and eastern coasts have communities of speakers of Austronesian (Melanesian) languages. In 1989, guerrillas of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) shut down the island's Australian-owned copper mine, a major source of revenue for the country. New Guinea is the second largest non-continental island in the world (with the world's largest being Greenland), situated to the north of Australia.It has a north-south border that divides the island into east and west divisions. The Mafor "Four Soa"). Throughout New Guinea's geological history there have been many land connections with Australia. Strickland, a tributary of the Fly, reaches the Papuan Plain through wild gorges. These original inhabitants first arrived in New Guinea at a time when the island was connected to the Australian continent via a land bridge, forming the landmass known as Sahul. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The largest river in the western part of the island is Digul. The energy of the river is used by a power plant near the city of Kainantu. Due to the rugged terrain and isolated village communities, the impact of colonization varied throughout the island. September 2010, "Conservationists discover more than 1,000 species in New Guinea", "Progress on Southeast Asia's Flora projects", "New Guinea has the world's richest island flora", "Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation", "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas", "SEJARAH RAT SRAN RAJA KOMISI KAIMANA (History of Rat Sran King of Kaimana)", "The West Papuan Warriors Are A Rugby League Team Trying To Stop A Genocide", Autonomy isn't independence; Indonesian democracy stops in Papua, "For Indonesia's restive Papua region, will Biden's human rights focus bring any change? Of the 302,400 vaccine doses, 100% were donated in partnership with COVAX. The Law established a Papuan People's Assembly (MRP) with representatives of the different indigenous cultures of Papua. The Japanese invaded the north shore of the Australia territories and were aiming to move south and take the southern shore too. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level),[17] and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of Sahul,[18][19] also known as Greater Australia. [41] A unique feature of New Guinea permaculture is the silviculture of Casuarina oligodon, a tall, sturdy native ironwood tree, suited to use for timber and fuel, with root nodules that fix nitrogen. The immense diversity of ocean terrain includes barrier reefs, coral walls (drop-offs), coral gardens, patch reef, fringing reefs, seagrass beds and coral atolls. [48] On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. The ancestral Austronesian peoples are believed to have arrived considerably later, approximately 3,500 years ago, as part of a gradual seafaring migration from Southeast Asia, possibly originating in Taiwan. New Guinea | Images of Old Hawaii For the country, see, List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania, Toggle Biodiversity and ecology subsection. undefined. New Guinea has the world's richest island flora | Nature [45] During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the bird-of-paradise. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. * Where is PAPUA NEW GUINEA Located? [Papua New Guinea Map] "Was Papua New Guinea an Early Agriculture Pioneer?" Why? Quick Facts on New Guinea. During the 1950s, the Dutch government began to prepare Netherlands New Guinea for full independence and allowed elections in 1959; the partial elected New Guinea Council took office on 5 April 1961. Many areas of Papua New Guinea provide evidence of forest clearing over thousands of years. New Guinea is the second largest island in the world, exceeded in size only by Greenland. Guinea, country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. As New Guinea drifted north, it collided with the Pacific Plate as well as a number of oceanic islands. The river Fly is born near the eastern branches of the Digul. Guinea (/ n i / GHIN-ee), officially the Republic of Guinea (French: Rpublique de Guine), is a coastal country in West Africa.It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Cote d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south. These were the Austronesian people, who had spread down from Taiwan, through the South-east Asian archipelago, colonising many of the islands on the way. New Guinea - Wikipedia An unbroken chain of mountains with peaks above 13,000 feet (4,000 metres) in elevation extends across New Guinea from the northwest to the southeast, rising to 16,024 feet (4,884 metres) at Jaya Peak in western Papua provincethe highest point in Indonesia. When the Dutch colonized this island as part of the Dutch East Indies, they called it Nieuw Guinea. The Facts: Provinces ( Indonesia ): Papua, West Papua. ", Papua (Indonesia) Primitive Tribes Today canibals, Western New Guinea: The Geographical and Ethnographic Context of the 1926 Dutch and American Expedition, A 40,000 year-old human occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=New_Guinea&oldid=1104298, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Papua (formerly Irian Jaya until 2002) with the city of Jayapura as its capital. In the low and sub-mountainous lands the flora is a mixture of Malayan, Australian and Polynesian forms. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It originates from the Star Mountains, which rise to an altitude of 4,700 m. The coastal plain is bordered by a swamp world hundreds of kilometers wide. Botanically, New Guinea considered part of Malesia, a floristic region that extends from the Malay Peninsula across Indonesia to New Guinea and the East Melanesian Islands. In 1883, following a short-lived French annexation occurred. It is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry after its . These are Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Ivory Coast to the east, Liberia to the south, Sierra Leone to the southwest, and Guinea-Bissau to the northwest. Approximately 4,642 vertebrate species inhabit the island its surrounding waters, which constitutes about 8 percent of the recognized world vertebrates. [45] Sultan Nuku, one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua",[46] during his revolt in 1780s. 88 no. Because the continent was more isolated than any other, very few outside species arrived to colonize, and unique native forms developed unimpeded. Prentice, M.L. The Portuguese in 1511 were the first Europeans to sight the island but made no landing until 1527. With some 800,000 km of tropical land, New Guinea has an immense ecological value in terms of biodiversity, with between 5 to 10 percent of the total species on the planet, and of that, more than five percent of the world's species exists in less than one percent of its land area. The summits of the chain are glaciated, and the mountains incorporate extinct volcanoes and elongated, fertile highland basins usually above 4,900 feet (1,490 metres) in elevation. South of the central mountain chain is the Fly-Digul shelf, a vast swampy plain crossed by numerous rivers including the Fly, Bian, Digul, Mapi, Pulau, and Lorentz. Highlands (Papua New Guinea) - Wikitravel In 1990, the BRA declared Bougainville's independence, whereupon the government blockaded the island until January 1991, when a peace treaty was signed. Elections in 1972 resulted in the formation of a ministry headed by Chief Minister Michael Somare, who pledged to lead the country to self-government and then to independence. In fact, scientists believe the tribe may not have ever realised anyone else even existed other than themselves. The southeast trade winds blow for about seven months each year, and rainfall on the southward-facing slopes of the central highlands frequently exceeds 300 inches (7,620 mm) annually. Austronesian-speaking peoples colonized many of the offshore islands to the north and east of New Guinea, such as New Ireland and New Britain, with settlements also on the coastal fringes of the main island in places. To the north of the mountain chain is a deep structural trench occupied by the valleys of the Mamberamo, Sepik, Ramu, and Markham rivers. DE PAPOEA Whats in a name?. These were the Austronesian people, who had come from presentday Taiwan, through the south-east Asian archipelago, colonizing many of the islands on the way. On June 21, 1938, Richard Archbold discovered the Grand Valley of the Baliem River which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in orderly villages. New Guinea - Mongabay [59] Amnesty International has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans, one-sixth of the population, have died as a result of government-sponsored violence against West Papuans. There are also some Polynesians, Chinese, and Europeans. (eds.). The first inhabitants of New Guinea arrived possibly as early as 50,000 years ago, having travelled through the south-east Asian peninsula. Following the return to civil administration, the Australian section was known as the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1945-1949) and then as Papua and New Guinea, even though they were merged administratively. Sometimes considered to be the easternmost island of the Indonesian archipelago, it lies north of Australia's Top End, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Cape York Peninsula, and west of the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands archipelago. Deep ocean trenches form the Andesite Line along the eastern borders of Japan, the Marianas, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and New Zealand. [65][66], In 2022, the Indonesian Government split Papuan Province into 4 provinces. U.S. Relations With Papua New Guinea The Austronesian people had technology and skills extremely well adapted to ocean voyaging and Austronesian language speaking people are present along much of the coastal areas and islands of New Guinea. The island is so large that it is considered 'nearly a continent' in terms of its biological distinctiveness. New Guinea is an island of the Malay Archipelago and covers an area of 303,381 square miles. Botanically, New Guinea is considered part of Malesia, a floristic region that extends from the Malay Peninsula across Indonesia to New Guinea and the East Melanesian Islands. There are also people of Polynesian, Chinese and Europeans background who speak in their native tongues.
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